Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, USA.
Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, USA.
Environ Res. 2022 Nov;214(Pt 2):114029. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114029. Epub 2022 Aug 3.
In-utero exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM) is associated with low birth weight and health risks later in life. Pregnant women are mobile and locations they spend time in contribute to their personal PM exposures. Therefore, it is important to understand how mobility and exposures encountered within activity spaces contribute to personal PM exposures during pregnancy.
We collected 48-h integrated personal PM samples and continuous geolocation (GPS) data for 213 predominantly Hispanic/Latina pregnant women in their 3 trimester in Los Angeles, CA. We also collected questionnaires and modeled outdoor air pollution and meteorology in their residential neighborhood. We calculated three GPS-derived activity space measures of exposure to road networks, greenness (NDVI), parks, traffic volume, walkability, and outdoor PM and temperature. We used bivariate analyses to screen variables (GPS-extracted exposures in activity spaces, individual characteristics, and residential neighborhood exposures) based on their relationship with personal, 48-h integrated PM concentrations. We then built a generalized linear model to explain the variability in personal PM exposure and identify key contributing factors.
Indoor PM sources, parity, and home ventilation were significantly associated with personal exposure. Activity-space based exposure to roads was associated with significantly higher personal PM exposure, while greenness was associated with lower personal PM exposure (β = -3.09 μg/m per SD increase in NDVI, p-value = 0.018). The contribution of outdoor PM to personal exposure was positive but relatively lower (β = 2.05 μg/m per SD increase, p-value = 0.016) than exposures in activity spaces and the indoor environment. The final model explained 34% of the variability in personal PM concentrations.
Our findings highlight the importance of activity spaces and the indoor environment on personal PM exposures of pregnant women living in Los Angeles, CA. This work also showcases the multiple, complex factors that contribute to total personal PM exposure.
在子宫内暴露于空气动力学直径小于 2.5μm（PM）的颗粒物与低出生体重和生命后期的健康风险有关。孕妇是移动的，她们所处的位置会影响她们的个人 PM 暴露。因此，了解活动空间中的移动性和暴露情况如何导致孕妇在怀孕期间的个人 PM 暴露非常重要。
我们收集了 213 名主要为西班牙裔/拉丁裔孕妇在加利福尼亚州洛杉矶的妊娠晚期 48 小时的综合个人 PM 样本和连续的地理定位（GPS）数据。我们还收集了问卷，并对她们居住的社区的室外空气污染和气象进行了建模。我们计算了三个基于 GPS 的活动空间暴露指标，包括道路网络、绿化（NDVI）、公园、交通量、步行性以及户外 PM 和温度。我们使用二元分析根据与个人 48 小时综合 PM 浓度的关系来筛选变量（活动空间中的 GPS 提取暴露、个体特征和居住社区暴露）。然后，我们建立了一个广义线性模型来解释个人 PM 暴露的可变性，并确定关键的影响因素。
室内 PM 源、产次和家庭通风与个人暴露显著相关。基于活动空间的道路暴露与个人 PM 暴露显著增加相关，而绿化与个人 PM 暴露显著降低相关（β=-3.09μg/m，每增加一个标准差的 NDVI，p 值=0.018）。室外 PM 对个人暴露的贡献是正的，但相对较低（β=2.05μg/m，每增加一个标准差，p 值=0.016），低于活动空间和室内环境的暴露。最终模型解释了个人 PM 浓度变化的 34%。
我们的研究结果强调了活动空间和室内环境对生活在加利福尼亚州洛杉矶的孕妇个人 PM 暴露的重要性。这项工作还展示了导致总个人 PM 暴露的多种复杂因素。
