Department of Scientific Coordination and Management, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems-Stein, Austria.
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
Behav Brain Res. 2022 Oct 28;435:114047. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114047. Epub 2022 Aug 4.
Despite decades of research, the precise etiology of schizophrenia is not fully understood. Ample evidence indicates that the disorder derives from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors during vulnerable stages of brain maturation. Among the plethora of risk factors investigated, stress, pre- and perinatal insults, and cannabis use have been repeatedly highlighted as crucial environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. Compelling findings from population-based longitudinal studies suggest low income as an additional risk factor for future schizophrenia diagnosis, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this narrative review, we (1) summarize the literature in support of a relationship between low (parental) income and schizophrenia risk, and (2) explore the mediating role of chronic stress, pre- and perinatal factors, and cannabis use as established risk factors for schizophrenia. Our review describes how low income facilitates the occurrence and severity of these established risk factors and thus contributes to schizophrenia liability. The broadest influence of low income was identified for stress, as low income was found to be associated with exposure to a multitude of severe psychological and physiological stressors. This narrative review adds to the growing literature reporting a close relationship between income and mental health.
尽管经过了几十年的研究，精神分裂症的确切病因仍未完全了解。大量证据表明，这种疾病是在大脑成熟的脆弱阶段由遗传和环境因素的复杂相互作用引起的。在众多研究过的风险因素中，压力、产前和围产期损伤以及大麻使用已被反复强调为精神分裂症的重要环境风险因素。来自基于人群的纵向研究的有力发现表明，低收入是未来精神分裂症诊断的另一个风险因素，但潜在机制尚不清楚。在这篇叙述性评论中，我们 (1) 总结了支持低（父母）收入与精神分裂症风险之间存在关系的文献，以及 (2) 探讨了慢性压力、产前和围产期因素以及大麻使用作为已确立的精神分裂症风险因素的中介作用。我们的综述描述了低收入如何促进这些既定风险因素的发生和严重程度，从而导致精神分裂症的易感性。在压力方面，低收入的影响最为广泛，因为低收入与暴露于多种严重的心理和生理压力源有关。这篇叙述性评论增加了越来越多的报告收入与心理健康密切相关的文献。
