Role of the Wnt and GTPase pathways in breast cancer tumorigenesis and treatment.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women in all the populations of the world. Although the BC mortality rate has declined, resistance to treatment is still a significant challenge for patient survival. Various cellular signaling pathways, such as Wnt and Rho/GTPase have been linked to the development, migration, and metastasis of BC, and also in treatment resistance mechanisms. Some studies have shown an association between two important cellular pathways, Wnt and Rho/GTPase, in cytoskeleton activation and cancer invasion. However, their involvement in BC has received little attention. This review summarizes the Wnt and Rho/GTPases signaling pathway functions, and also the crosstalk between these pathways in the progression, metastasis, and drug resistance mechanisms in BC. Considering the signaling pathways involved in BC tumorigenesis, future studies will need to investigate possible molecular interventions and new opportunities for the development of personalized strategies for BC treatment in order to improve overall outcomes.