Direct Evidence Demonstrates that f. sp. Infects Susceptible Barberry to Complete Sexual Cycle in Autumn.

Wheat stripe rust is an airborne and destructive disease caused by a heteroecious rust fungus f. sp. (). Studies have demonstrated that the rust pathogen accomplishes sexual reproduction on susceptible barberry under natural conditions in spring, whereas infection on barberry is still in blank in other seasons. In late October 2016, aecial production on barberry shrubs were observed in Linzhi, Tibet, China. Therefore, experimental tests were conducted to verify the existence of sexual cycles of in this season. By inoculating 52 aecial clusters from 30 rusted barberry leaves, four samples, T1 to T4, were successfully recovered from the rusted barberry shrubs. Sixty-five single uredinium (SU) isolates were derived from the four samples. Based on virulence tests on the Chinese differential hosts, T1 to T4 samples were unknown races and showed mixed reactions on some differentials. Twenty-one known races and 44 unknown races belonging to five race groups were identified among the 65 SU isolates. Meanwhile, the 65 SU isolates produced 26 various virulence patterns (VPs; called VP1-VP26) on 25 single gene lines and 15 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) at nine simple sequence repeat marker loci. Clustering analysis showed similar lineage among subpopulations and different lineage between subpopulations. Linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated that the SU population was produced sexually. This study first reported that infects susceptible barberry to complete sexual reproduction in autumn. The results update the knowledge of disease cycle and management of wheat stripe rust and contribute to the understanding of rust genetic diversity in Tibet.