School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.
Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Chemosphere. 2022 Nov;307(Pt 2):135959. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135959. Epub 2022 Aug 6.
Near-shore marine/estuarine environments play an important role in the functioning of the marine ecosystem and are extremely vulnerable to the presence of chemical pollution. The ability to investigate the effects of pollution is limited by a lack of model organisms for which sufficient ecotoxicological information is available, and this is particularly true for tropical regions. The circumtropical marine amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis has become an important model organism in various disciplines, and here we summarize the scientific literature regarding the emergence of this model within ecotoxicology. P. hawaiensis is easily cultured in the laboratory and standardized ecotoxicity protocols have been developed and refined (e.g., miniaturized), and effects of toxicants on acute toxicity (Cd, Cu, Zn, Ag, ammonia, dyes, pesticides, environmental samples), genotoxicity as comet assay/micronuclei, and gene expression (Ag ion and Ag nanoparticles) and regeneration (pesticides) have been published. Methods for determination of internal concentrations of metals (Cu and Ag) and organic substances (synthetic dye) in hemolymph were successfully developed providing sources for the establishment of toxicokinetics models in aquatic amphipods. Protocols to evaluate reproduction and growth, for testing immune responses and DNA damage in germ cells are under way. The sensitivity of P. hawaiensis, measured as 50% lethal concentration (LC50), is in the same range as other amphipods. The combination of feasibility to culture P. hawaiensis in laboratory, the recent protocols for ecotoxicity evaluation and the rapidly expanding knowledge on its biology make it especially attractive as a model organism and promising tool for risk assessment evaluations in tropical environments.
近岸海洋/河口环境在海洋生态系统的功能中起着重要作用，并且极易受到化学污染的影响。由于缺乏具有足够生态毒理学信息的模式生物，因此调查污染影响的能力受到限制，而这在热带地区尤为如此。环热带海洋片脚类动物 Parhyale hawaiensis 已成为各个学科的重要模式生物，在这里我们总结了有关该模式在生态毒理学中出现的科学文献。P. hawaiensis 易于在实验室中培养，并且已经开发和完善了标准化的生态毒性协议（例如，微型化），并且已经报道了有毒物质对急性毒性（Cd、Cu、Zn、Ag、氨、染料、农药、环境样品）、遗传毒性（彗星试验/微核）和基因表达（Ag 离子和 Ag 纳米颗粒）以及再生（农药）的影响。成功开发了用于测定血淋巴中金属（Cu 和 Ag）和有机物质（合成染料）内部浓度的方法，为水生片脚类动物建立毒代动力学模型提供了来源。正在制定用于评估繁殖和生长、测试生殖细胞免疫反应和 DNA 损伤的方案。P. hawaiensis 的敏感性（以 50%致死浓度 (LC50) 衡量）与其他片脚类动物相当。P. hawaiensis 易于在实验室中培养、最近的生态毒性评估协议以及其生物学知识的快速扩展相结合，使其特别有吸引力成为模型生物，并有望成为热带环境风险评估评估的工具。
