Ni Qianhui, Fascendini Bella, Shoyer Jake, Moll Henrike
Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 S. McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA.
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
R Soc Open Sci. 2022 Aug 3;9(8):220347. doi: 10.1098/rsos.220347. eCollection 2022 Aug.
It is currently debated whether simple forms of social perspective-taking that are in place by late infancy are performed automatically. We conducted two experiments ( = 124) to test whether 3-year-olds show automatic perspective-taking during object searches, and whether automatic perspective-taking is facilitated by joint attention. Children were asked to retrieve an object immediately after it was moved from one (L1) to another (L2) location within a container, e.g. a sandbox. In Experiment 1, a between-subjects design was used, with children being randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: one in which child and other jointly attended to the object in L1 (joint attention condition); one in which the other was present but unengaged with the child when the object was placed in L1 (other present condition) and a baseline condition in which only the child was present (no other condition). Automatic perspective-taking should manifest in biased searches toward L1 in the other present and joint attention conditions, but not in the no other condition. No automatic perspective-taking was observed in either experiment, regardless of whether the other person left and remained absent (Experiment 1) or returned after the object was relocated (Experiment 2). The findings contribute to a growing body of empirical data that questions the existence of automatic perspective-taking.
目前存在争议的是，婴儿晚期出现的简单形式的社会视角采择是否是自动进行的。我们进行了两项实验（(n = 124)），以测试3岁儿童在物体搜索过程中是否表现出自动视角采择，以及联合注意是否会促进自动视角采择。要求儿童在一个物体从容器（如沙盒）内的一个位置（L1）移动到另一个位置（L2）后立即找回该物体。在实验1中，采用了被试间设计，儿童被随机分配到三个实验条件之一：一个条件是儿童和他人共同关注L1中的物体（联合注意条件）；一个条件是当物体放在L1时，他人在场但未与儿童互动（他人在场条件），以及一个基线条件，即只有儿童在场（无他人条件）。在他人在场和联合注意条件下，自动视角采择应表现为偏向于搜索L1，但在无他人条件下则不然。在任何一项实验中，无论他人离开并一直不在场（实验1），还是在物体重新放置后返回（实验2），都未观察到自动视角采择。这些发现为越来越多质疑自动视角采择存在的实证数据做出了贡献。
