Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
Mol Cells. 2022 Aug 31;45(8):522-530. doi: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0060. Epub 2022 Aug 5.
Transposable elements (TEs) account for approximately 45% of the human genome. TEs have proliferated randomly and integrated into functional genes during hominoid radiation. They appear as right-handed B-DNA double helices and slightly elongated left-handed Z-DNAs. Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families are widely distributed in human chromosomes at a ratio of 8%. They contain a 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR)-gag-pol-env-3'-LTR structure. LTRs contain the U3 enhancer and promoter region, transcribed R region, and U5 region. LTRs can influence host gene expression by acting as regulatory elements. In this review, we describe the alternative promoters derived from LTR elements that overlap Z-DNA by comparing Z-hunt and DeepZ data for human functional genes. We also present evidence showing the regulatory activity of LTR elements containing Z-DNA in . Taken together, the regulatory activity of LTR elements with Z-DNA allows us to understand gene function in relation to various human diseases.
转座元件 (TEs) 约占人类基因组的 45%。TEs 在人科辐射过程中随机增殖并整合到功能基因中。它们呈现右手 B-DNA 双螺旋结构和略微拉长的左手 Z-DNA。人类内源性逆转录病毒 (HERV) 家族广泛分布于人类染色体上，比例为 8%。它们包含 5'-长末端重复 (LTR)-gag-pol-env-3'-LTR 结构。LTR 包含 U3 增强子和启动子区域、转录 R 区域和 U5 区域。LTR 可以通过作为调节元件来影响宿主基因表达。在这篇综述中，我们通过比较 Z-hunt 和 DeepZ 数据来描述来自 LTR 元件的替代启动子，这些启动子与 Z-DNA 重叠。我们还提供了含有 Z-DNA 的 LTR 元件具有调节活性的证据。综上所述，含有 Z-DNA 的 LTR 元件的调节活性使我们能够了解与各种人类疾病相关的基因功能。
