Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA.
Medical Library, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA.
Breastfeed Med. 2022 Sep;17(9):723-735. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2022.0013. Epub 2022 Aug 10.
Human milk is the optimal form of infant nutrition. If mother's own milk is unavailable, families may seek alternative sources of human milk through milk sharing, despite potential health and safety risks with this practice. The purpose of this scoping review was to synthesize the current literature on human milk sharing in the United States to help health care professionals better understand how families may use this practice for infant nutrition. A systematic search was conducted in June 2021 using Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, ProQuest Central, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Articles were included if the primary outcome was milk sharing, excluding milk banks and preterm hospitalized infants. Results were limited to studies conducted in the United States and published in English after January 1, 2000. From 2,124 articles, 34 met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Study designs were largely observational (30/34), and participants were predominantly white, married, and middle-income women experiencing lactation problems or in possession of excess breast milk. Milk sharing, not for profit, was often facilitated through the internet but exchanged in person. Conversely, for-profit milk sharing often involved shipping and studies found evidence of milk contamination. No studies documented infant harm. There is limited research on the milk quality and relative risks of milk sharing, and no research on clinical outcomes in infants fed shared milk. Clinicians have opportunities to engage in open conversations about this practice to guide risk mitigation, however, research on recipient infant outcomes are urgently needed to inform best practices.
人乳是婴儿营养的最佳来源。如果母亲自身无法提供母乳，家庭可能会通过母乳分享来寻求其他母乳来源，尽管这种做法存在潜在的健康和安全风险。本综述的目的是综合美国母乳分享的现有文献，帮助医疗保健专业人员更好地了解家庭如何将这种做法用于婴儿营养。2021 年 6 月，使用 Ovid MEDLINE、Embase、CINAHL、ProQuest Central、Web of Science 和 Google Scholar 进行了系统检索。如果主要结果是母乳分享，不包括母乳库和早产儿住院婴儿，则纳入文章。结果仅限于在美国进行的研究，并在 2000 年 1 月 1 日之后以英文发表。从 2124 篇文章中，有 34 篇符合纳入标准并进行了综述。研究设计主要是观察性的（30/34），参与者主要是白人、已婚和中等收入的女性，她们存在哺乳问题或拥有多余的母乳。非盈利性的母乳分享通常通过互联网进行，但也有人面对面进行。相反，盈利性的母乳分享通常涉及运输，研究发现了母乳污染的证据。没有研究记录婴儿受到伤害。关于母乳质量和母乳分享的相对风险的研究有限，也没有关于用分享的母乳喂养的婴儿临床结果的研究。临床医生有机会就这种做法进行公开对话，以指导降低风险，但是迫切需要关于接受婴儿结果的研究，以告知最佳实践。
