Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Nov 25;849:157914. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157914. Epub 2022 Aug 8.
Hand nicotine (HN) levels measure children's exposure to tobacco smoke pollutants from thirdhand and secondhand smoke. HN is associated with urinary and salivary cotinine, but the associations of HN with other tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) markers remain unknown.
We compared levels of HN and four urinary TSE biomarkers: cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC), nicotelline N-oxides, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and children's sociodemographic and TSE patterns. We also examined if HN is a plausible pathway for children's exposure to active smoking.
Data were collected from 175 non-smoking patients (Mean (SD) age = 5.4 (3.4) years) who lived with ≥1 cigarette smoker(s). HN and TSE biomarker levels were determined using LC-MS/MS. Multivariate and multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between TSE markers and parent-reported measures, controlling for sociodemographics.
Of the five markers of TSE, cotinine (R = 0.221; p = 0.003) and HN (R = 0.247; p = 0.001) showed the strongest overall associations. Of the five markers, only cotinine showed significantly higher levels among Black children (β^=0.307,p<0.05) independent of age, reported exposure, and home smoking bans. Cotinine (β^=0.010,p<0.05), NNAL (β^=0.012,p<0.05), and HN (β^=0.011,p<0.05) showed significant positive associations with reported exposure independent of race, age, and home smoking bans. NNAL (β^=-0.285,p<0.05) and HN (β^=-0.336,p<0.05), but not cotinine, 3HC, and N-oxides, showed significantly lower levels among children who lived in homes with smoking bans. Child age, hand surface area, home smoking ban, and reported exposure independently accounted for 21 % of the variance in HN levels (p = 0.002). HN accounted for 30 % of the variance in cotinine independent of child race and child age.
HN levels were associated with modifiable tobacco-related behaviors and shows promise as a marker of sources of THS pollution in a child's environment not captured by measurement of urinary cotinine alone. HN levels provide additional information about TSE, complementing other biomarkers when assessing children's overall TSE.
手部尼古丁（HN）水平可衡量儿童接触三手烟和二手烟污染物的情况。HN 与尿液和唾液中的可替宁有关，但 HN 与其他烟草烟雾暴露（TSE）标志物的关联仍不清楚。
我们比较了 HN 和四种尿液 TSE 生物标志物（可替宁、反式-3'-羟基可替宁（3HC）、烟碱 N-氧化物和 4-（甲基亚硝氨基）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁醇（NNAL））以及儿童的社会人口统计学和 TSE 模式。我们还研究了 HN 是否是儿童接触主动吸烟的一种合理途径。
本研究的数据来自 175 名不吸烟的患者（平均（SD）年龄=5.4（3.4）岁），他们与≥1 名吸烟者同住。使用 LC-MS/MS 测定 HN 和 TSE 生物标志物水平。进行多变量和多变量回归分析，以检验 TSE 标志物与父母报告的测量值之间的关联，同时控制社会人口统计学因素。
在五个 TSE 标志物中，可替宁（R = 0.221；p = 0.003）和 HN（R = 0.247；p = 0.001）与总体关联最强。在这五个标志物中，只有可替宁在黑人儿童中显示出显著更高的水平（β^=0.307，p<0.05），独立于年龄、报告的暴露和家庭吸烟禁令。可替宁（β^=0.010，p<0.05）、NNAL（β^=0.012，p<0.05）和 HN（β^=0.011，p<0.05）与报告的暴露呈显著正相关，独立于种族、年龄和家庭吸烟禁令。NNAL（β^=-0.285，p<0.05）和 HN（β^=-0.336，p<0.05）的水平显著低于有吸烟禁令的家庭中的儿童，而可替宁、3HC 和 N-氧化物的水平则没有显著差异。儿童年龄、手部表面积、家庭吸烟禁令和报告的暴露独立解释了 HN 水平变化的 21%（p = 0.002）。HN 解释了可替宁变化的 30%，独立于儿童种族和年龄。
HN 水平与可改变的与烟草有关的行为有关，并有望成为儿童环境中三手烟污染来源的标志物，补充了单独测量尿液可替宁时无法捕捉到的信息。HN 水平提供了关于 TSE 的其他信息，在评估儿童的整体 TSE 时，可与其他生物标志物互补。
