Rafeq Rachel, Igneri Lauren A
Emergency Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Cooper University Healthcare, 1 Cooper Plaza, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
Critical Care, Department of Pharmacy, Cooper University Healthcare, 1 Cooper Plaza, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2022 Aug;40(3):503-518. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2022.05.005. Epub 2022 Jul 9.
Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection caused by the inability to clear pathogens from the lower airway and alveoli. Cytokines and local inflammatory markers are released, causing further damage to the lungs through the accumulation of white blood cells and fluid congestion, leading to pus in the parenchyma. The Infectious Diseases Society of America defines pneumonia as the presence of new lung infiltrate with other clinical evidence supporting infection, including new fever, purulent sputum, leukocytosis, and decline in oxygenation. Importantly, lower respiratory infections remain the most deadly communicable disease. Pneumonia is subdivided into three categories: (1) community acquired, (2) hospital acquired, and (3) ventilator associated. Therapy for each differs based on the severity of the disease and the presence of risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
肺炎是一种下呼吸道感染，由无法清除下气道和肺泡中的病原体所致。细胞因子和局部炎症标志物会释放出来，通过白细胞积聚和液体淤滞对肺部造成进一步损害，导致实质内出现脓液。美国传染病学会将肺炎定义为出现新的肺部浸润，并伴有支持感染的其他临床证据，包括新出现的发热、脓性痰、白细胞增多和氧合下降。重要的是，下呼吸道感染仍然是最致命的传染病。肺炎可分为三类：（1）社区获得性肺炎，（2）医院获得性肺炎，以及（3）呼吸机相关性肺炎。针对每种类型的治疗方法因疾病严重程度以及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌或铜绿假单胞菌危险因素的存在情况而异。
