Emergency Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Cooper University Healthcare, 1 Cooper Plaza, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
Critical Care, Department of Pharmacy, Cooper University Healthcare, 1 Cooper Plaza, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2024 Mar;38(1):1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.12.006.
Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection caused by the inability to clear pathogens from the lower airway and alveoli. Cytokines and local inflammatory markers are released, causing further damage to the lungs through the accumulation of white blood cells and fluid congestion, leading to pus in the parenchyma. The Infectious Diseases Society of America defines pneumonia as the presence of new lung infiltrate with other clinical evidence supporting infection, including new fever, purulent sputum, leukocytosis, and decline in oxygenation. Importantly, lower respiratory infections remain the most deadly communicable disease. Pneumonia is subdivided into three categories: (1) community acquired, (2) hospital acquired, and (3) ventilator associated. Therapy for each differs based on the severity of the disease and the presence of risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
肺炎是一种下呼吸道感染，其病因是无法从下呼吸道和肺泡清除病原体。细胞因子和局部炎症标志物被释放，导致白细胞和液体蓄积进一步损害肺部，导致实质中出现脓液。美国传染病学会将肺炎定义为存在新的肺部浸润，同时伴有其他临床证据支持感染，包括新发热、脓性痰、白细胞增多和氧合下降。重要的是，下呼吸道感染仍然是最致命的传染病。肺炎分为三类：（1）社区获得性肺炎，（2）医院获得性肺炎，（3）呼吸机相关性肺炎。根据疾病的严重程度以及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌或铜绿假单胞菌感染的危险因素的存在，每种肺炎的治疗方法都不同。
