Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Aug 5;23(15):8705. doi: 10.3390/ijms23158705.
Nine kDa granulysin (GRNLY) is a human cytolytic protein secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and NK cells of the immune system whose demonstrated physiological function is the elimination of bacteria and parasites. In previous studies by our group, the anti-tumor capacity of recombinant granulysin was demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo. In the present work, we developed lipid nanoparticles whose surfaces can bind recombinant granulysin through the formation of a complex of coordination between the histidine tail of the protein and Ni provided by a chelating lipid in the liposome composition and termed them LUV-GRNLY, for granulysin-bound large unilamellar vesicles. The objective of this formulation is to increase the granulysin concentration at the site of contact with the target cell and to increase the cytotoxicity of the administered dose. The results obtained in this work indicate that recombinant granulysin binds to the surface of the liposome with high efficiency and that its cytotoxicity is significantly increased when it is in association with liposomes. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the main mechanism of death induced by both granulysin and LUV-GRNLY is apoptosis. Jurkat-shBak cells are resistant to GRNLY and also to LUV-GRNLY, showing that LUV-GRNLY uses the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway to induce cell death. On the other hand, we show that LUV-GRNLY induces the expression of the pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family Bim and especially PUMA, although it also induced the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-x. In conclusion, we demonstrate that binding of GRNLY to the surfaces of liposomes clearly augments its cytotoxic potential, with cell death executed mainly by the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
九 kDa 颗粒溶素 (GRNLY) 是一种由细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞 (CTL) 和免疫系统 NK 细胞分泌的人类细胞溶解蛋白,其已证实的生理功能是消除细菌和寄生虫。在我们小组的先前研究中,已经证明了重组颗粒溶素的抗肿瘤能力,无论是在体外还是体内。在本工作中,我们开发了脂质纳米颗粒,其表面可以通过蛋白质的组氨酸尾巴与脂质体组成中的螯合脂质提供的 Ni 之间形成配位复合物来结合重组颗粒溶素,并将其命名为 LUV-GRNLY,即与颗粒溶素结合的大单室囊泡。该制剂的目的是增加与靶细胞接触部位的颗粒溶素浓度,并增加给予剂量的细胞毒性。本工作得到的结果表明,重组颗粒溶素能够高效地结合到脂质体的表面,并且当其与脂质体结合时,其细胞毒性显著增加。此外,已经证明颗粒溶素和 LUV-GRNLY 诱导的主要死亡机制是细胞凋亡。 Jurkat-shBak 细胞对 GRNLY 和 LUV-GRNLY 均具有抗性,表明 LUV-GRNLY 利用线粒体凋亡途径诱导细胞死亡。另一方面,我们表明 LUV-GRNLY 诱导 Bcl-2 家族促凋亡成员 Bim 和特别是 PUMA 的表达,尽管它也诱导了抗凋亡 Bcl-x 的表达。总之,我们证明了 GRNLY 与脂质体表面的结合明显增强了其细胞毒性潜力,细胞死亡主要通过线粒体凋亡途径执行。
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