Optimization of multi-frequency electromagnetic surveying for investigating waste characteristics in an open dumpsite.

Open dump mining (ODM) is now applied as a sustainable approach to combat improper waste disposal and reduce municipal solid waste (MSW) in the open dumpsite. To implement ODM for producing RDF, business developers must know the amount and composition of waste that can be converted into RDF before mining. This study used multi-frequency EM surveys with frequencies of 5,000, 11,000, and 15,000 Hz. This multi-frequency method effectively determined the waste composition and identified potential excavation points in the open dumpsite prior to ODM. This method can mitigate the limitations of traditional surveying, due to its improved mobility, lower time consumption, and reduced labor needs.