Cohen Laurent
Paris Brain Institute, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2022;187:277-285. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823493-8.00003-1.
The acquisition of reading by children is supported by deep changes in the brain systems devoted to vision and language. The left temporal lobe contributes critically to both systems, and lesions affecting it may therefore cause both peripheral vision-related and central language-related reading impairments. The diversity of peripheral dyslexias reflects the anatomical and functional division of the visual cortex into early visual regions, whose lesions have a limited impact on reading; ventral regions, whose lesions are mostly associated to Pure Alexia; and dorsal regions, whose lesions may yield spatial, neglect-related, and attentional dyslexias. Similarly, central alexias reflect the broad distinction, within language processes, between phonological and lexico-semantic components. Phonological and surface dyslexias roughly result from impairment of the former and the latter processes, respectively, while deep dyslexia may be seen as the association of both. In this chapter, we review such types of acquired dyslexias, their clinical features, pathophysiology, and anatomical correlates.
儿童阅读能力的获得得益于视觉和语言相关脑系统的深刻变化。左颞叶对这两个系统都起着关键作用，因此影响它的损伤可能会导致与周边视觉相关以及与中枢语言相关的阅读障碍。周边性阅读障碍的多样性反映了视觉皮层在解剖学和功能上分为早期视觉区域，其损伤对阅读影响有限；腹侧区域，其损伤大多与纯失读症相关；以及背侧区域，其损伤可能导致空间性、忽视相关和注意力性阅读障碍。同样，中枢性失读症反映了在语言过程中语音和词汇语义成分之间的广泛区别。语音性和表层性阅读障碍大致分别由前者和后者过程的损伤引起，而深层阅读障碍可视为两者的关联。在本章中，我们回顾了此类获得性阅读障碍的类型、临床特征、病理生理学和解剖学关联。
