Department of Livestock and Pasture Sciences, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, 5700, South Africa.
F1000Res. 2021 Oct 6;10:1014. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.55519.2. eCollection 2021.
The United Nations estimates that the global population will total 9.7 billion in 2050. Rapid population growth pose a significant obstacle to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly eradicating hunger and poverty. In view of the expanding population growth, food production ideally should triple to prevent massive food shortages. Sustainable food and nutrition security is the focal point of the dairy industry. Dairy production plays a pivotal role in addressing and advancing global food and nutrition security. It serves as a major source of protein, calcium, and phosphorus in many families in developing countries with a fast-growing population. Consequently, the dairy industry is expected to grow by approximately 26% in the next 10 years and produce an estimated 1077 million tonnes of milk by 2050. However, the growth and distribution of the dairy industry is limited by many factors such as culling and mortality of dairy cows. Several studies highlight reproduction failures, old age, poor milk yield, diseases (mastitis, lameness, and dystocia), and heat stress as some reasons for culling of dairy cows. Hence, this review highlights the factors influencing culling and mortality in dairy production farms, and discusses mitigating measures to limit culling.
联合国估计，全球人口将在 2050 年达到 97 亿。人口的快速增长对实现可持续发展目标构成了重大障碍，尤其是消除饥饿和贫困。鉴于人口的不断增长，粮食生产理想情况下应增加两倍，以防止出现大规模的粮食短缺。可持续的粮食和营养安全是乳品行业的重点。乳品生产在解决和促进全球粮食和营养安全方面发挥着关键作用。在人口快速增长的发展中国家，它是许多家庭蛋白质、钙和磷的主要来源。因此，预计未来 10 年内，乳品行业将增长约 26%，到 2050 年，预计将生产 10.77 亿吨牛奶。然而，乳品行业的增长和分布受到许多因素的限制，例如奶牛的淘汰和死亡率。一些研究强调了繁殖失败、衰老、产奶量低、疾病（乳腺炎、跛行和难产）和热应激是奶牛淘汰的一些原因。因此，本综述强调了影响奶牛养殖场淘汰和死亡率的因素，并讨论了限制淘汰的缓解措施。
