Kreski Noah T, Chen Qixuan, Olfson Mark, Cerdá Magdalena, Hasin Deborah S, Martins Silvia S, Mauro Pia M, Keyes Katherine M
Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 722 West 168th St, Room 733, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, 722 West 168th Street, Room 644, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
SSM Popul Health. 2022 Aug 3;19:101181. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101181. eCollection 2022 Sep.
Adolescent time use in recent cohorts is distinguished by large-scale changes, including shifts in parental monitoring, supervision, and adolescent activity patterns, that together may provide a more complete perspective on changing patterns of mental health than can be captured by single risk factors.
To determine whether patterns of adolescent time use explain recent increases in depressive and other internalizing symptoms, we first conducted latent profile analyses of 465,839 adolescents, grades 8/10, from annual, cross-sectional Monitoring the Future surveys, years:1991-2019, using twenty-one variables (e.g., frequency of attending parties) to identify groups based on patterns of time use. Most of the sample was female (51.0%), non-Hispanic white (58.8%), and in grade 8 (52.2%); mean age: 14.60 years (95% CI: 14.57, 14.64). We subsequently examined differences in depressive and other internalizing symptoms between these time use groups over time with survey-weighted logistic regressions producing odds ratios.
Analyses derived six groups: part time workers, full time workers, and four groups based on levels of social activities (Low, medium, and high levels, with "High Social" split between those engaged in sports, academics, and community service and those who were not). Internalizing symptoms were predicted by lower socialization, low engagement in activities like sports, academics, and community service, and time spent at a paid job. Adolescents decreasingly engaged in social activities over time, though shifts in time use patterns did not account for much of the overall increase in depressive symptoms.
Shifts in adolescent time use do not explain increases in depressive and other internalizing symptoms, which increased across different patterns of time use. Levels of internalizing symptoms were highest among those with low socialization, low recreational engagement, and those working substantial hours. Encouraging socialization, engagement in recreational activities, and providing mental health resources for isolated adolescents may reduce internalizing symptom trends.
最近几代青少年的时间利用情况有大规模变化，包括父母监督、监管以及青少年活动模式的转变，这些变化共同提供了一个比单一风险因素更全面的视角，以了解心理健康模式的变化。
为了确定青少年时间利用模式是否能解释近期抑郁及其他内化症状的增加，我们首先对来自1991年至2019年年度横断面“未来监测”调查的465,839名八年级/十年级青少年进行了潜在剖面分析，使用21个变量（如参加聚会的频率）根据时间利用模式确定群体。样本中大多数为女性（51.0%）、非西班牙裔白人（58.8%）且为八年级学生（52.2%）；平均年龄：14.60岁（95%置信区间：14.57，14.64）。随后，我们通过调查加权逻辑回归得出优势比，研究这些时间利用群体之间抑郁及其他内化症状随时间的差异。
分析得出六个群体：兼职工作者、全职工作者，以及基于社交活动水平划分的四个群体（低、中、高社交水平，其中“高社交”群体又分为从事体育、学术和社区服务的青少年以及不从事这些活动的青少年）。社交化程度较低、参与体育、学术和社区服务等活动较少以及从事有偿工作所花费的时间可预测内化症状。随着时间推移，青少年参与社交活动的情况逐渐减少，尽管时间利用模式的转变在抑郁症状总体增加中所占比例不大。
青少年时间利用模式的转变无法解释抑郁及其他内化症状的增加，这些症状在不同的时间利用模式中均有所增加。社交化程度低、娱乐活动参与度低以及工作时间长的青少年内化症状水平最高。鼓励社交化、参与娱乐活动，并为孤立的青少年提供心理健康资源，可能会减少内化症状的趋势。
