Musick Kelly, Gonalons-Pons Pilar, Schwartz Christine
Cornell University.
University of Pennsylvania.
Popul Dev Rev. 2022 Jun;48(2):413-443. doi: 10.1111/padr.12481. Epub 2022 Mar 22.
In the context of broad increases in gender equality and growing socioeconomic disparities along multiple dimensions of family life, we examine changes in within-family earnings equality following parenthood and the extent to which they have played out differently by education. Our analysis relies on links between rich surveys and administrative tax records that provide high quality earnings data for husbands and wives spanning two years before and up to 10 years following first births from the 1980s to the 2000s in the United States (Survey of Income and Program Participation Synthetic Beta files; =21,300 couples and 194,100 couple-years). Accounting for time-invariant couple characteristics and year and age fixed effects, we find that wives' share of total couple earnings declines substantially after parenthood and remains lower over the observation window. Cohort changes in within-family earnings equality are modest and concentrated among the earliest cohort of parents, and data provide little evidence of differential change by education. Wives' financial dependence on their husbands increases substantially after parenthood, irrespective of education and cohort. These findings have implications for women's vulnerability, particularly in the U.S. where divorce remains common and public support for families is weak.
在家庭生活多个层面性别平等广泛提升以及社会经济差距不断扩大的背景下，我们研究了为人父母后家庭内部收入平等的变化情况，以及这些变化在不同教育程度群体中呈现出的差异程度。我们的分析依赖于丰富的调查数据与行政税务记录之间的关联，这些数据提供了20世纪80年代至21世纪初美国首次生育前两年及生育后长达10年的高质量夫妻收入数据（收入与项目参与调查综合贝塔文件；涉及21,300对夫妻和194,100对夫妻年）。在考虑了夫妻固定特征以及年份和年龄固定效应后，我们发现，为人父母后妻子在夫妻总收入中的份额大幅下降，并且在观察期内一直保持较低水平。家庭内部收入平等的代际变化不大，且主要集中在最早为人父母的群体中，数据几乎没有显示出不同教育程度群体存在差异变化的证据。无论教育程度和代际如何，为人父母后妻子对丈夫的经济依赖都大幅增加。这些发现对女性的脆弱性具有启示意义，尤其是在美国，离婚仍然很常见，且政府对家庭的支持力度较弱。
