Genome-wide marker effect heterogeneity is associated with a large effect dormancy locus in winter malting barley.

Prediction of trait values in plant breeding populations typically relies on assumptions about marker effect homogeneity across populations. Evidence is presented for winter malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) germination traits that a single, causative, large-effect gene in the Seed dormancy 1 region on Chromosome 5H, HvAlaAT1 (Qsd1), leads to heterogeneous estimated marker effects genome wide between groups of otherwise related individuals carrying different Qsd1 alleles. This led to reduced prediction accuracy across alleles when a model was trained either on individuals carrying both alleles or one allele. Several genomic prediction models were tested to increase prediction accuracy within the Qsd1 allele groups. Small gains (5-12%) in prediction accuracy were realized using structured genomic best linear unbiased predictor models when information about the Qsd1 allele was used to stratify the population. We concluded that a single large-effect locus can lead to heterogeneous marker effects in the same breeding family. Variance partitioning based on large-effect loci can be used to inform best practices in designing genomic prediction models; however, there are likely few cases for which it may be practical to do this. For malting barley, if germination traits are highly associated with malting quality traits, then similar steps should be considered for malting quality trait prediction.