Modeling a sustainable vaccine supply chain for a healthcare system.

This study develops a vaccine supply chain (VSC) to ensure sustainable distribution during a global crisis in a developing economy. In this study, a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MIP) model is formulated to develop the VSC, ensuring the entire network's economic performance. This is achieved by minimizing the overall cost of vaccine distribution and ensuring environmental and social sustainability by minimizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and maximizing job opportunities in the entire network. The shelf-life of vaccines and the uncertainty associated with demand and supply chain (SC) parameters are also considered in this study to ensure the robustness of the model. To solve the model, two recently developed metaheuristics-namely, the multi-objective social engineering optimizer (MOSEO) and multi-objective feasibility enhanced particle swarm optimization (MOFEPSO) methods-are used, and their results are compared. Further, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model has been integrated into the optimization model to determine the best solution from a set of non-dominated solutions (NDSs) that prioritize environmental sustainability. The results are analyzed in the context of the Bangladeshi coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine distribution systems. Numerical illustrations reveal that the MOSEO-TOPSIS model performs substantially better in designing the network than the MOFEPSO-TOPSIS model. Furthermore, the solution from MOSEO results in achieving better environmental sustainability than MOFEPSO with the same resources. Results also reflect that the proposed MOSEO-TOPSIS can help policymakers establish a VSC during a global crisis with enhanced economic, environmental, and social sustainability within the healthcare system.