Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.
J Gen Virol. 2022 Aug;103(8). doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001773.
Virus infection is a process that requires combined contributions from both virus and host factors. For this process to be efficient within the crowded host environment, viruses have evolved ways to manipulate and reorganize host structures to produce cellular microenvironments. Positive-strand RNA virus replication and assembly occurs in association with cytoplasmic membranes, causing a reorganization of these membranes to create microenvironments that support viral processes. Similarities between virus-induced membrane domains and cellular organelles have led to the description of these structures as virus replication organelles (vRO). Electron microscopy analysis of vROs in positive-strand RNA virus infected cells has revealed surprising morphological similarities between genetically diverse virus species. For all positive-strand RNA viruses, vROs can be categorized into two groups: those that make invaginations into the cellular membranes (In-vRO), and those that cause the production of protrusions from cellular membranes (Pr-vRO), most often in the form of double membrane vesicles (DMVs). In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the structure and biogenesis of these two different vRO classes as well as comparing morphology and function of vROs between various positive-strand RNA viruses. Finally, we will discuss recent studies describing pharmaceutical intervention in vRO formation as an avenue to control virus infection.
病毒感染是一个需要病毒和宿主因素共同作用的过程。为了在拥挤的宿主环境中高效地进行这个过程，病毒已经进化出了操纵和重组宿主结构的方法，以产生细胞微环境。正链 RNA 病毒的复制和组装与细胞质膜相关，导致这些膜的重新排列，以创建支持病毒过程的微环境。病毒诱导的膜结构域与细胞细胞器之间的相似性导致这些结构被描述为病毒复制细胞器（vRO）。对正链 RNA 病毒感染细胞中的 vRO 的电子显微镜分析揭示了遗传上不同的病毒物种之间惊人的形态相似性。对于所有正链 RNA 病毒，vRO 可以分为两类：一类是向内凹陷进入细胞膜的（In-vRO），另一类是导致细胞膜突起的（Pr-vRO），最常见的形式是双膜囊泡（DMVs）。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论关于这两种不同 vRO 类别的结构和生物发生的最新知识，并比较各种正链 RNA 病毒之间 vRO 的形态和功能。最后，我们将讨论最近描述的药物干预 vRO 形成以控制病毒感染的研究。
