Klin Onkol. 2022 Summer;35(4):284-289. doi: 10.48095/ccko2022284.
Immunotherapy is an effective way to treat many diseases associated with disorders of the immune system by modulating immune response. It involves several ways of manipulating the immune system, which either suppress the immune response or, on the contrary, stimulates it. Immunotherapy is currently of immense importance not only in the context of the treatment of autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiencies, but it is also a promising method for treating cancer. Efforts to use the bodys own anti-tumor response have led to the discovery of alternative treatments for cancer.
The aim of this paper is to provide a literature review focused on the current possibilities of cancer immunotherapy. In addition to classical procedures such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, treatments consisting of adoptive cell therapy and blockade of immune checkpoints are being increasingly indicated. The latest form of adoptive cell therapy is the use of T-lymphocytes expressing chimeric antigen receptors. This type of treatment is indicated for hematological cancers. In recent years, a new approach to the treatment of cancer has emerged using blockade of immune checkpoints by monoclonal antibodies. At present, antitumor therapy focuses on blocking of inhibitory molecules - cytotoxic T-lymfocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). Administration of anti-CTLA-4 receptor specific monoclonal antibodies blocks binding between CTLA-4 receptors and B7 ligands, thereby preventing inhibition of activated cytotoxic T cells. Another type of checkpoints of the immune response include PD-1 molecules expressed on the surface of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, but also on the surface of myeloid cells. Blockade of PD-1 receptors and PD-L1 ligands prevents the inhibition of T-lymphocytes by tumor cells, leading to an increase in the immune systems ability to recognize tumor cells and subsequently destroy them. Blockade of PD-1 receptors and PD-L1 ligands prevents the inhibition of T-lymphocytes by tumor cells, leading to an increased immune response to the recognition of tumor cells and their subsequent destruction. An alternative form of tumor treatment is the administration of tumor vaccines and tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The use of mAbs to kill tumors requires the expression of tumor-specific antigens on the surface of tumor cells. Through these receptors, mAb targets cytotoxic cells, toxins, drugs, or radioisotopes to tumor cells and thereby destroys them. Also, mAbs are able to block angiogenesis, which is crucial in tumor cell proliferation.
免疫疗法是通过调节免疫反应来治疗与免疫系统紊乱相关的许多疾病的有效方法。它涉及几种操纵免疫系统的方法，这些方法要么抑制免疫反应，要么相反，刺激免疫反应。免疫疗法目前不仅在治疗自身免疫性疾病和免疫缺陷方面非常重要，而且也是治疗癌症的一种有前途的方法。利用机体自身的抗肿瘤反应的努力导致了发现癌症的替代治疗方法。
本文的目的是提供一篇文献综述，重点介绍癌症免疫疗法的当前可能性。除了化疗和放疗等经典方法外，越来越多地采用过继细胞疗法和免疫检查点阻断治疗。最新形式的过继细胞疗法是使用表达嵌合抗原受体的 T 淋巴细胞。这种治疗方法适用于血液系统癌症。近年来，一种新的癌症治疗方法出现了，即使用单克隆抗体阻断免疫检查点。目前，抗肿瘤治疗侧重于阻断抑制分子——细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞抗原 4（CTLA-4）和程序性细胞死亡 1（PD-1）。使用抗 CTLA-4 受体特异性单克隆抗体给药可阻断 CTLA-4 受体与 B7 配体之间的结合，从而防止激活的细胞毒性 T 细胞的抑制。另一种类型的免疫反应检查点包括 T 淋巴细胞、B 淋巴细胞表面表达的 PD-1 分子，但也包括髓样细胞表面表达的 PD-1 分子。阻断 PD-1 受体和 PD-L1 配体可防止肿瘤细胞抑制 T 淋巴细胞，从而提高免疫系统识别肿瘤细胞并随后破坏肿瘤细胞的能力。阻断 PD-1 受体和 PD-L1 配体可防止肿瘤细胞抑制 T 淋巴细胞，从而提高免疫系统识别肿瘤细胞并随后破坏肿瘤细胞的能力。肿瘤治疗的另一种形式是给予肿瘤疫苗和肿瘤特异性单克隆抗体（mAbs）。使用 mAbs 杀死肿瘤需要在肿瘤细胞表面表达肿瘤特异性抗原。通过这些受体，mAb 将细胞毒性药物、毒素、药物或放射性同位素靶向肿瘤细胞，从而破坏肿瘤细胞。此外，mAbs 能够阻断血管生成，这对于肿瘤细胞增殖至关重要。
