New Directions in L2 Self-efficacy Research: Comparing Bifactor and Second-Order Models in the English Public Speaking Domain.

Reflecting an alternative model comparison framework and grounded in Bandura's self-efficacy theory and in western and Chinese English Public Speaking (EPS) competences literature, we examine the possibility of a hierarchical structure of the EPS self-efficacy construct. In particular, we contrast an established first-order model of the EPS self-efficacy with two higher-order rival models, testing for subordinate (second-order model) versus nested (bifactor model) relationships in a sample of 203 Chinese EFL college students. From a theoretical perspective, the results supported the bifactor model as a strong conceptual foundation for understanding the EPS self-efficacy construct as nested. From a practical perspective, this conceptualization would allow for gauging EPS self-efficacy development both holistically and by subdomains. From a research methodology perspective, this study is among the first to bring the bifactor model into the broader field of L2 research. Other implications are discussed.