Recycling industrial wastes into self-healing concrete: A review.

Self-healing concrete is an innovative construction material designed to repair its cracks autogenously or autonomously. The self-healing effect reduces the need for maintenance and increases the longevity of concrete structures, bringing environmental and economic benefits. However, the developed methods to improve self-healing performance, e.g., incorporating advanced techniques or expensive chemical healing agents, significantly increase the cost of concrete manufacture. There is worldwide interest in using waste materials to reduce the cost of self-healing concrete, and a significant amount of studies have been performed on this topic. A review of research on waste-derived self-healing concrete is presented in this paper. The wastes were used in both autogenous and autonomous self-healing approaches, such as mineral admixture, bacteria-based technology, and engineered cementitious composite; different environmental conditions may significantly influence self-healing efficiency due to different reaction mechanisms. In general, waste materials could be reused to manufacture self-healing concrete if adopting appropriate mix design and treatment methods. Self-healing concrete made with various industrial wastes is an efficient way to reduce the manufacturing cost and promote its application in practice.