Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Leioa (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, 48620 Plentzia (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain.
Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, ECOBIOP, Aquapôle INRAE, MIRA, F64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France.
Environ Pollut. 2022 Oct 15;311:120016. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120016. Epub 2022 Aug 22.
The presence of contaminants of emerging concern in the aquatic environment directly impacts water-living organisms and can alter their living functions. These compounds are often metabolized and excreted, but they can also be accumulated and spread through the food chain. The metabolized contaminants can also lead to the formation of new compounds with unknown toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. In this work, we have studied the occurrence, bioconcentration, and biotransformation of CECs in glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) using UHPLC-HRMS. To select the target CECs, we first carried out an environmental risk assessment of the WWTP effluent that releases directly into the Adour estuary (Bayonne, Basque Country, France). The risk quotients of every detected contaminant were calculated and three ecotoxicologically relevant contaminants were chosen to perform the exposure experiment: propranolol, diazepam, and irbesartan. An experiment of 14 days consisting of 7 days of exposure and 7 days of depuration was carried out to measure the bioconcentration of the chosen compounds. The quantitative results of the concentrations in glass eel showed that diazepam and irbesartan reached BCF ≈10 on day 7, but both compounds were eliminated after 7 days of depuration. On the other hand, propranolol's concentration remains constant all along with the experiment, and its presence can be detected even in the non-exposed control group, which might suggest environmental contamination. Two additional suspect screening strategies were used to identify metabolization products of the target compounds and other xenobiotics already present in wild glass eels. Only one metabolite was identified, nordiazepam, a well-known diazepam metabolite, probably due to the low metabolic rate of glass eels at this stage. The xenobiotic screening confirmed the presence of more xenobiotics in wild glass eels, prominent among them, the pharmaceuticals exemestane, primidone, iloprost, and norethandrolone.
新兴关注污染物在水生态环境中的存在直接影响水生生物，并可能改变其生活功能。这些化合物通常会被代谢和排泄，但也可能通过食物链积累和传播。代谢产物还可能导致形成具有未知毒性和生物蓄积潜力的新化合物。在这项工作中，我们使用超高效液相色谱-高分辨率质谱（UHPLC-HRMS）研究了玻璃鳗（Anguilla anguilla）中 CECs 的发生、生物浓缩和生物转化。为了选择目标 CECs，我们首先对直接排入阿杜尔河口（法国巴斯克地区的巴约讷）的污水处理厂出水进行了环境风险评估。计算了每个检出污染物的风险商数，并选择了三种具有生态毒理学相关性的污染物来进行暴露实验：普萘洛尔、地西泮和厄贝沙坦。进行了为期 14 天的实验，包括 7 天暴露和 7 天净化，以测量所选化合物的生物浓缩。玻璃鳗中浓度的定量结果表明，地西泮和厄贝沙坦在第 7 天达到了约 10 的 BCF，但这两种化合物在净化 7 天后都被消除了。另一方面，普萘洛尔的浓度在整个实验过程中保持不变，甚至在未暴露的对照组中也能检测到其存在，这可能表明存在环境污染。还使用了两种额外的可疑筛选策略来鉴定目标化合物的代谢产物和已在野生玻璃鳗中存在的其他异源生物。仅鉴定出一种代谢产物，即去甲西泮，它是一种众所周知的地西泮代谢产物，可能是由于该阶段玻璃鳗的代谢率较低。异源生物筛查证实了野生玻璃鳗中存在更多的异源生物，其中突出的是药物依西美坦、扑米酮、伊洛前列素和诺龙。
