Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
Nutrients. 2022 Aug 17;14(16):3367. doi: 10.3390/nu14163367.
Nootropics, also known as "smart drugs" are a diverse group of medicinal substances whose action improves human thinking, learning, and memory, especially in cases where these functions are impaired. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the potential effectiveness and importance of nootropics. Based on their nature and their effects, this heterogeneous group of drugs has been divided into four subgroups: classical nootropic compounds, substances increasing brain metabolism, cholinergic, and plants and their extracts with nootropic effects. Each subgroup of nootropics contains several main representatives, and for each one, its uses, indications, experimental treatments, dosage, and possible side effects and contraindications are discussed. For the nootropic plant extracts, there is also a brief description of each plant representative, its occurrence, history, and chemical composition of the medicinal part. Lastly, specific recommendations regarding the use of nootropics by both ill and healthy individuals are summarized.
益智药，也被称为“聪明药”，是一大类药物，其作用是改善人类的思维、学习和记忆能力，尤其是在这些功能受损的情况下。本文综述了益智药的潜在有效性和重要性。根据其性质和作用，将这组异质药物分为四类：经典益智化合物、增加大脑代谢的物质、胆碱能药物和具有益智作用的植物及其提取物。每个益智药亚组包含几个主要代表，对每个代表的用途、适应证、实验治疗、剂量以及可能的副作用和禁忌证进行了讨论。对于益智植物提取物，还简要描述了每种植物代表，包括其发生、历史以及药用部分的化学成分。最后，总结了关于患者和健康个体使用益智药的具体建议。
