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相机衍生光体积描记术 (rPPG) 和散斑体积描记术 (rSPG)：使用 LED 和激光在不同积分时间比较反射和透射模式

Camera-Derived Photoplethysmography (rPPG) and Speckle Plethysmography (rSPG): Comparing Reflective and Transmissive Mode at Various Integration Times Using LEDs and Lasers.

机构信息

IMEC, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

Faculty of Engineering Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

出版信息

Sensors (Basel). 2022 Aug 13;22(16):6059. doi: 10.3390/s22166059.

DOI:10.3390/s22166059
PMID:36015822
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9412985/
Abstract

Background: Although both speckle plethysmography (SPG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) examine pulsatile changes in the vasculature using opto-electronics, PPG has a long history, whereas SPG is relatively new and less explored. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of integration time and light-source coherence on signal quality and waveform morphology for reflective and transmissive rSPG and rPPG. Methods: (A) Using time-domain multiplexing, we illuminated 10 human index fingers with pulsed lasers versus LEDs (both at 639 and 850 nm), in transmissive versus reflective mode. A synchronized camera (Basler acA2000-340 km, 25 cm distance, 200 fps) captured and demultiplexed four video channels (50 fps/channel) in four stages defined by illumination mode. From all video channels, we derived rPPG and rSPG, and applied a signal quality index (SQI, scale: Good > 0.95; Medium 0.95−0.85; Low 0.85−0.8; Negligible < 0.8); (B) For transmission videos only, we additionally calculated the intensity threshold area (ITA), as the area of the imaging exceeding a certain intensity value and used linear regression analysis to understand unexpected similarities between rPPG and rSPG. Results: All mean SQI-values. Reflective mode: Laser-rSPG > 0.965, LED-rSPG < 0.78, rPPG < 0.845. Transmissive mode: 0.853−0.989 for rSPG and rPPG at all illumination settings. Coherent mode: Reflective rSPG > 0.951, reflective rPPG < 0.740, transmissive rSPG and rPPG 0.990−0.898. Incoherent mode: Reflective all <0.798 and transmissive all 0.92−0.987. Linear regressions revealed similar R2 values of rPPG with rSPG (R2 = 0.99) and ITA (R2 = 0.98); Discussion: Laser-rSPG and LED-rPPG produced different waveforms in reflection, but not in transmission. We created the concept of ITA to investigate this behavior. Conclusions: Reflective Laser-SPG truly originated from coherence. Transmissive Laser-rSPG showed a loss of speckles, accompanied by waveform changes towards rPPG. Diffuse spatial intensity modulation polluted spatial-mode SPG.

摘要

背景

尽管光体积描记术（SPG）和光电容积描记术（PPG）都使用光电技术检查血管的脉动变化，但 PPG 历史悠久，而 SPG 相对较新且探索较少。本研究旨在比较积分时间和光源相干性对反射和透射 rSPG 和 rPPG 的信号质量和波形形态的影响。

方法

（A）使用时域复用，我们用脉冲激光和 LED（均为 639nm 和 850nm）照射 10 个人类食指，以透射和反射模式照射。同步摄像机（Basler acA2000-340km，25cm 距离，200fps）以四个阶段捕捉和多路分解四个视频通道（每个通道 50fps），这些阶段由照明模式定义。从所有视频通道中，我们得出 rPPG 和 rSPG，并应用信号质量指数（SQI，范围：好>0.95；中等 0.95-0.85；低 0.85-0.8；可忽略<0.8）；（B）仅对传输视频，我们还计算了强度阈值面积（ITA），即超过一定强度值的成像面积，并使用线性回归分析来理解 rPPG 和 rSPG 之间意想不到的相似性。

结果

所有平均 SQI 值。反射模式：激光-rSPG>0.965，LED-rSPG<0.78，rPPG<0.845。透射模式：所有照明设置下 rSPG 和 rPPG 的 0.853-0.989。相干模式：反射性 rSPG>0.951，反射性 rPPG<0.740，透射性 rSPG 和 rPPG 0.990-0.898。非相干模式：反射性均<0.798，透射性均 0.92-0.987。线性回归显示 rPPG 与 rSPG（R2=0.99）和 ITA（R2=0.98）的相似 R2 值。

讨论

激光-rSPG 和 LED-rPPG 在反射中产生不同的波形，但在透射中没有。我们创建了 ITA 的概念来研究这种行为。

结论

反射性激光-SPG 确实源于相干性。透射性激光-rSPG 显示斑点丢失，同时波形向 rPPG 变化。漫射空间强度调制污染了空间模式 SPG。

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