Poggi Giovanni Maria, Aloisi Iris, Corneti Simona, Esposito Erika, Naldi Marina, Fiori Jessica, Piana Stefano, Ventura Francesca
Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Front Plant Sci. 2022 Aug 9;13:936991. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.936991. eCollection 2022.
Increasing temperatures, heat waves, and reduction of annual precipitation are all the expressions of climate change (CC), strongly affecting bread wheat ( L.) grain yield in Southern Europe. Being temperature the major driving force of plants' phenological development, these variations also have effects on wheat phenology, with possible consequences on grain quality, and gluten protein accumulation. Here, through a case study in the Bolognese Plain (North of Italy), we assessed the effects of CC in the area, the impacts on bread wheat phenological development, and the consequences on grain gluten quality. The increasing trend in mean annual air temperature in the area since 1952 was significant, with a breakpoint identified in 1989, rising from 12.7 to 14.1°C, accompanied by the signals of increasing aridity, i.e., increase in water table depth. Bread wheat phenological development was compared in two 15-year periods before and after the breakpoint, i.e., 1952-1966 (past period), and 2006-2020 (present period), the latest characterized by aridity and increased temperatures. A significant shortening of the chronological time necessary to reach the main phenological phases was observed for the present period compared to the past period, finally shortening the whole life cycle. This reduction, as well as the higher temperature regime, affected gluten accumulation during the grain-filling process, as emerged analyzing gluten composition in grain samples of the same variety harvested in the area both before and after the breakpoint in temperature. In particular, the proportion of gluten polymers (i.e., gliadins, high and low molecular weight glutenins, and their ratio) showed a strong and significant correlation with cumulative growing degree days (CGDDs) accumulated during the grain filling. Higher CGDD values during the period, typical of CC in Southern Europe, accounting for higher temperature and faster grain filling, correlated with gliadins, high molecular weight glutenins, and their proportion with low molecular weight glutenins. In summary, herein reported, data might contribute to assessing the effects of CC on wheat phenology and quality, representing a tool for both predictive purposes and decision supporting systems for farmers, as well as can guide future breeding choices for varietal innovation.
气温上升、热浪以及年降水量减少都是气候变化（CC）的表现，对南欧的面包小麦（L.）产量产生了强烈影响。由于温度是植物物候发育的主要驱动力，这些变化也会影响小麦的物候，可能对谷物品质和面筋蛋白积累产生影响。在此，通过对意大利北部博洛尼亚平原的案例研究，我们评估了该地区气候变化的影响、对面包小麦物候发育的影响以及对谷物面筋品质的影响。自1952年以来，该地区年平均气温呈显著上升趋势，1989年出现了一个转折点，从12.7°C升至14.1°C，同时伴随着干旱加剧的信号，即地下水位深度增加。在转折点前后的两个15年期间，即1952 - 1966年（过去时期）和2006 - 2020年（当前时期），对面包小麦的物候发育进行了比较，当前时期的特点是干旱和气温升高。与过去时期相比，观察到当前时期达到主要物候阶段所需的时间显著缩短，最终缩短了整个生命周期。这种缩短以及更高的温度状况影响了灌浆过程中的面筋积累，这一点在分析温度转折点前后该地区收获的同一品种谷物样本中的面筋组成时得以体现。特别是，面筋聚合物的比例（即醇溶蛋白、高分子量和低分子量谷蛋白及其比例）与灌浆期间积累的累积生长度日（CGDDs）呈现出强烈且显著的相关性。该时期较高的CGDD值是南欧气候变化的典型特征，表明温度较高且灌浆速度较快，与醇溶蛋白、高分子量谷蛋白及其与低分子量谷蛋白的比例相关。总之，本文报道的数据可能有助于评估气候变化对小麦物候和品质的影响，为预测目的和农民决策支持系统提供一种工具，也可为未来品种创新的育种选择提供指导。
