Department of Sociology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA.
Sociol Health Illn. 2022 Nov;44(9):1533-1550. doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.13528. Epub 2022 Aug 26.
The majority of the world population is lactose intolerant, as 65%-70% of people lose the enzymes to digest lactose after infancy. Yet, in the United States, where lactose intolerance is predicted to affect only 36% of people, this phenomenon is often framed as a deficiency as opposed to the norm. This is because the United States has a higher prevalence of people who are lactase persistent. Lactase persistence is a genetic trait most common among Europeans and some African, Middle Eastern and southern Asian groups with a history of animal domestication and milk consumption. In this study, we take the case of lactose intolerance to examine how popular media maintains biocentric biases. Analysing relevant articles published in The New York Times and Scientific American between 1971 and 2020, we document how ideas about milk, health and race evolve over time. Over this fifty-year period, writers shifted from framing lactose intolerance as racial difference to lactase persistence as evolutionary genetics. Yet, articles on the osteoporosis 'epidemic' and vitamin D deficiency worked to perpetuate lactose intolerance as a health concern and standardise the dairy-heavy American diet. Studying media portrayals of lactose intolerance and lactase persistence, we argue that popular discourses normalise biocentric biases through messages about eating behaviours and health.
世界上大多数人口都是乳糖不耐受的,因为 65%-70%的人在婴儿期后失去了消化乳糖的酶。然而,在美国,乳糖不耐受预计只会影响 36%的人,这种现象通常被视为一种缺陷,而不是常态。这是因为美国有更多的人具有乳糖酶持续性。乳糖酶持续性是一种遗传特征,在有动物驯化和牛奶消费史的欧洲和一些非洲、中东和南亚群体中最为常见。在这项研究中,我们以乳糖不耐受为例,考察了大众媒体如何维持生物中心主义偏见。通过分析《纽约时报》和《科学美国人》在 1971 年至 2020 年间发表的相关文章,我们记录了关于牛奶、健康和种族的观念是如何随时间演变的。在这五十年间,作家们将乳糖不耐受的框架从种族差异转变为乳糖酶持续性的进化遗传学。然而,关于骨质疏松症“流行”和维生素 D 缺乏症的文章则将乳糖不耐受作为一个健康问题加以延续,并使美国以奶制品为主的饮食标准化。通过研究大众媒体对乳糖不耐受和乳糖酶持续性的描述,我们认为,关于饮食行为和健康的信息使流行话语将生物中心主义偏见正常化。