Debus G
Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol. 1977 May;10(3):109-18. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1094527.
The paper points out that the current theories about the effects of psychiatric drugs in healthy human individuals is primarily a function of the methodological approaches applied in psychopharmacological research. Three approaches are distinguished: the diagnostic, the differential-psychological and the experimental-psychological approach. Within the diagnostic approach psychological-diagnostic instruments (e.g. tests) are considered to be able to measure specific effects of drugs (e.g. concentration). The differential-psychological approach takes into account inter- and intraindividual differences in psychological and psychophysiological variables (e.g. personality traits, actual state variables), which are responsible for the kind of drug effect on certain variables. The experimental-psychological approach typically studies drugs from the viewpoint of psychological theories concerning those psychological variables supposed to be affected by the drug (e.g. anxiety, attention). For each of these approaches the theoretical concept, the data gathering procedure, the kind of data interpretation, and the empirical adequacy are discussed. Meaning and usefulness of such terms as "Eigenwirkung", primary and secondary effect, main and side effect, and paradoxical effect are considered.
该论文指出，当前关于精神药物对健康个体影响的理论主要取决于精神药理学研究中所采用的方法。区分了三种方法：诊断法、差异心理学法和实验心理学法。在诊断法中，心理诊断工具（如测试）被认为能够测量药物的特定效果（如注意力集中程度）。差异心理学法考虑了心理和心理生理变量（如人格特质、实际状态变量）的个体间和个体内差异，这些差异决定了药物对某些变量的影响类型。实验心理学法通常从关于那些假定会受药物影响的心理变量（如焦虑、注意力）的心理学理论角度来研究药物。针对每种方法，都讨论了其理论概念、数据收集程序、数据解释类型以及实证充分性。还考虑了诸如“自身作用”“主要和次要作用”“主效应和副作用”以及“矛盾效应”等术语的含义和用途。
