College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
Chemosphere. 2022 Nov;307(Pt 4):136134. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136134. Epub 2022 Aug 23.
Penoxsulam (PNX) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are likely to coexist in soils due to continuous use. However, the ecotoxicity of PNX in earthworms and the effect of AgNPs on PNX toxicity are unknown. Therefore, the toxicity of PNX (0.05, 0.5, and 2.5 mg/kg) single and co-exposure with AgNPs (10 mg/kg) after 28 and 56 days on Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) was investigated from biochemical, genetic, histopathological, and transcriptomic aspects. The results showed that the low concentration of PNX (0.05PNX) had almost no effect on the biochemical level of E. fetida. However, the addition of AgNPs resulted in 0.05PNX causing E. fetida to produce excessive reactive oxygen species, and the activity of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes were interfered, resulting in lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. From the genetic level, even the lowest concentration of PNX can significantly interfere with the expression of functional genes, thus inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis and inhibited reproductive behavior in E. fetida. The integrated biomarker response results at the biochemical and genetic levels showed that the comprehensive toxicity of PNX and PNX + AgNPs on E. fetida was PNX dose-dependent. And the toxicity of all co-exposure groups was greater than that of the PNX only exposure groups. Furthermore, the addition of AgNPs significantly increased the damage of PNX on E. fetida intestinal tissue. Meanwhile, transcriptomic analysis showed that PNX + AgNPs had a greater effect on E. fetida than PNX single, and multiple pathways related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular process regulation were disturbed. These results provide a basis for comprehensive evaluation of the ecotoxicity of PNX and confirm that the AgNPs does increase the ecotoxicity of PNX in soil environment.
吡氟草肟（PNX）和银纳米颗粒（AgNPs）由于持续使用，可能会同时存在于土壤中。然而，PNX 对蚯蚓的生态毒性以及 AgNPs 对 PNX 毒性的影响尚不清楚。因此，本研究从生化、遗传、组织病理学和转录组学方面研究了 PNX（0.05、0.5 和 2.5mg/kg）单一暴露和与 AgNPs（10mg/kg）共暴露 28 和 56 天后对赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida，E. fetida）的毒性。结果表明，低浓度的 PNX（0.05PNX）对 E. fetida 的生化水平几乎没有影响。然而，添加 AgNPs 会导致 0.05PNX 导致 E. fetida 产生过多的活性氧，干扰抗氧化和解毒酶的活性，导致脂质过氧化和 DNA 损伤。从遗传水平上看，即使是最低浓度的 PNX 也能显著干扰功能基因的表达，从而诱导 E. fetida 产生氧化应激和凋亡，并抑制其繁殖行为。生化和遗传水平的综合生物标志物反应结果表明，PNX 和 PNX+AgNPs 对 E. fetida 的综合毒性与 PNX 剂量呈依赖性。并且所有共暴露组的毒性均大于 PNX 单一暴露组。此外，AgNPs 的添加显著增加了 PNX 对 E. fetida 肠道组织的损伤。同时，转录组分析表明，PNX+AgNPs 对 E. fetida 的影响大于 PNX 单一暴露，多个与氧化应激、炎症和细胞过程调节相关的途径受到干扰。这些结果为综合评价 PNX 的生态毒性提供了依据，并证实 AgNPs 确实增加了土壤环境中 PNX 的生态毒性。
