Rethinking quantified methods for arsenic speciation and risk in a biowaste hydrothermal liquefaction system.

Controversy exists to quantify the fate and speciation of Arsenic (As). We investigated its characteristics by As-containing algae in various pH hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) system, specifically via two classical methods, i.e. the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) and Wenzel's method. Solid residue immobilized 11.23-16.55% of As, and 88.07-82.44% was in aqueous by the pH regulators (e.g., CHCOOH, HCl, and KOH). ICP-MS and XRD analysis revealed that As (V) was converted into As (III) and As (0) in the solid residue, while the As (V) was mainly converted into As (III) in the aqueous phase during HTL. When the classified forms of As in solid residue are compared, Wenzel's method was more appropriate for dividing the bio-availability forms of As, whereas BCR was better for estimating the toxic-potential forms of As. Subsequently, pH regulators raised the risk of As in solid residue associated with the increasing of unstable forms. The amide was hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid with acidic additives, which weakened the reducing environment in the HTL process. In contrast, the amide was hydrolyzed to ammonia with the alkaline additives, which enhanced the reducing environment and increased the risk of As in products. This work provided a new insight in systematically evaluating the risk and speciation of As in HTL.