Spatial variations of activity and community structure of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methanotrophs in river sediment.

Rivers are an important site for methane emissions and reactive nitrogen removal. The process of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo) links the global carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle, but its role in methane mitigation and nitrogen removal in rivers is poorly known. In the present study, we investigated the activity, abundance, and community composition of n-damo bacteria in sediment of the upper, middle, and lower reaches of Wuxijiang River (Zhejiang Province, China). The CH stable isotope experiments showed that the methane oxidation activity of n-damo was 0.11-1.88 nmol CO g (dry sediment) d, and the activity measured from the middle reaches was significantly higher than that from the remaining regions. It was estimated that 3.27 g CH m year and 8.72 g N m year could be consumed via n-damo. Quantitative PCR confirmed the presence of n-damo bacteria, and their 16S rRNA gene abundance varied between 5.45 × 10 and 5.86 × 10 copies g dry sediment. Similarly, the abundance of n-damo bacteria was significantly higher in the middle reaches. High-throughput sequencing showed a high n-damo bacterial diversity, with totally 152 operational taxonomic units being detected at 97 % sequence similarity cut-off. In addition, the n-damo bacterial community composition also varied spatially. The inorganic nitrogen (NH, NO, NO) level was found to be the key environmental factor controlling the n-damo activity and bacterial community composition. Overall, our results showed the spatial variations and environmental regulation of the activity and community structure of n-damo bacteria in river sediment, which expanded our understanding of the quantitative importance of n-damo in both methane oxidation and reactive nitrogen removal in riverine systems.