Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Environ Res. 2022 Nov;214(Pt 4):114186. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114186. Epub 2022 Aug 27.
Organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid pesticides (PYR) are extensively used in agriculture, resulting in higher exposures among farmworkers. The present study reports the occurrence of 8 urinary OP and PYR metabolites in a sample of farmworkers and residents from Sucs (n = 87), a rural township in North West Catalonia (Spain). The aim of the present study was to examine differences in urinary pesticide metabolite concentrations between occupationally-exposed (farmworkers; n = 45) and environmentally-exposed subjects (n = 42) and to assess the relationship between pesticide's exposures and occupational activities in a real-case scenario. Six OP and two PYR metabolites have been investigated, urine samples were extracted using SPE extraction and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Three OP metabolites were commonly detectable in urine, namely TCPY (metabolite of chlorpyrifos), PNP (parathion) and DEAMPY (pirimiphos). Regarding pyrethroids, the two analyzed metabolites, 3-PBA and 4F-3-PBA, were detected in a high proportion of urine samples. Differences in concentrations between both groups were statistically significant for TCPY and 4F-3-PBA (Mann-Whitney U Test for independent groups, p < 0.05). In the case of TCPY, the concentrations were higher among the farmworkers, which is consistent with their occupational activity. The small differences found in DEAMPY, PNP, 3-PBA or even the significant higher concentrations of 4F-3-PBA among rural population suggest a general exposure to these compounds, even in those who do not carry an occupational activity. Specific personal protective equipment (PPE) among farmworkers, such as the use of gloves and mask during mixing, showed a decrease in the exposure levels, although the differences were not statistically significant. However, a positive association was found between the use of a cap during mixing (for PNP and 3-PBA) and during application (only for 3-PBA). However, this piece of cloth is mainly used for sun protection, and when not cleaned after the handling of pesticides, it might represent a continuous source of exposure through dermal contact. Farmworkers using tractors with cabin had statistically significant lower concentrations of DEAMPY than those using a tractor without cabin. The previous results suggest that occupational protections should be encouraged among farmworkers and other potential workers handling with pesticides.
有机磷 (OP) 和拟除虫菊酯 (PYR) 农药在农业中广泛使用，导致农民的接触风险更高。本研究报告了在西班牙西北部北加泰罗尼亚的一个农村乡镇 Sucs 的农民和居民样本中，8 种尿中 OP 和 PYR 代谢物的发生情况（n=87）。本研究的目的是检查职业暴露（农民；n=45）和环境暴露（n=42）人群尿中农药代谢物浓度的差异，并在实际情况下评估农药暴露与职业活动之间的关系。检测了 6 种 OP 和 2 种 PYR 代谢物，尿样采用 SPE 提取，并用 UPLC-MS/MS 分析。在尿中普遍检测到三种 OP 代谢物，即 TCPY（毒死蜱的代谢物）、PNP（对硫磷）和 DEAMPY（吡虫磷）。关于拟除虫菊酯，分析的两种代谢物 3-PBA 和 4F-3-PBA 在大量尿样中被检出。两组间浓度差异具有统计学意义，TCPY 和 4F-3-PBA（独立样本 Mann-Whitney U 检验，p<0.05）。在 TCPY 的情况下，农民的浓度较高，这与他们的职业活动一致。在 DEAMPY、PNP、3-PBA 中发现的微小差异，甚至在农村人群中发现的 4F-3-PBA 浓度明显更高，表明即使在那些没有职业活动的人群中，也普遍接触到这些化合物。农民使用特定的个人防护设备（PPE），如在混合时戴手套和口罩，降低了接触水平，尽管差异无统计学意义。然而，在混合时戴帽子（用于 PNP 和 3-PBA）和应用时戴帽子（仅用于 3-PBA）与浓度呈正相关。然而，这块布主要用于防晒，并且在处理农药后不清洗时，它可能通过皮肤接触成为持续的暴露源。与使用无驾驶室拖拉机的农民相比，使用驾驶室拖拉机的农民的 DEAMPY 浓度具有统计学意义上的降低。先前的结果表明，应鼓励农民和其他潜在的农药处理工人使用职业保护。
