Establishing the Association Between Osteoporosis and Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review.

Osteoporosis is one of the most common metabolic bone diseases. Many studies were conducted to find the association between peptic ulcer disease (PUD),  infection, proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) use, and increased risk for fracture, but results remain ambiguous. We performed this systematic review to understand the association between PUD and osteoporosis. We comprehensively searched relevant articles on April 19, 2022, by exploring different databases including PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), and Medline using relevant keywords. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and undergoing quality assessment, we retained 25 studies published in and after 2015. For our systematic review, we included a total of 5,600,636 participants. The studies included in our review demonstrated a significant association between PUD,  infection, and the risk of osteoporosis. Long-term PPI use was also found to be a risk factor for osteoporosis. Malabsorption of nutrients, increase in inflammatory cytokines, and alterations in hormone status were found to be the notable factors behind the association. Early management of  infection and cautious use of long-term PPIs may protect against osteoporosis. Further randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are necessary to establish a causal relationship.