Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Agostino Gemelli General Hospital Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2024 Apr;94(2):143-152. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000761. Epub 2022 Aug 30.
Vitamin K (VK) is a fat-soluble vitamin that is indispensable for the activation of vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs). It has been shown to play an important role in the proper calcium deposit at the bone level, hindering that on the vascular walls. The deficiency of this vitamin in European populations is frequent and unknown. It is related to several factors, poor dietary intake, altered intestinal absorption or altered production by bacteria, indicating possible dysbiosis. For Vitamin K2 (VK2), there is currently no official reference daily intake (RDI). However, the effects of VK2 on the improvement of health in cardiovascular diseases, on bone metabolism, on chronic kidney diseases have been the subject of research in recent decades. The microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role: are primarily capable of synthetizing very long chain forms of menaquinones and, in addition to the bacteria present in the intestinal flora, VK2 is also produced by bacteria used in food fermentation processes. This review provides an update on the current literature regarding the origin of VK2 and its implications in what is called the "calcium paradox", namely the lack of calcium in the bone and its storage in the wall of the vessel.
维生素 K（VK）是一种脂溶性维生素，是维生素 K 依赖蛋白（VKDPs）激活所必需的。它在适当的钙在骨骼水平沉积中起着重要作用，防止钙在血管壁沉积。这种维生素在欧洲人群中的缺乏是常见的，但却不为人知。它与多种因素有关，包括饮食摄入不良、肠道吸收改变或细菌产生改变，表明可能存在肠道菌群失调。目前，对于维生素 K2（VK2），尚无官方的推荐日摄入量（RDI）。然而，VK2 对改善心血管疾病、骨骼代谢和慢性肾脏病的健康状况的影响，已成为近几十年来的研究课题。胃肠道中的微生物群起着重要的作用：它们主要能够合成甲萘醌的超长链形式，除了肠道菌群中存在的细菌外，VK2 也由用于食品发酵过程的细菌产生。这篇综述提供了关于 VK2 的来源及其在所谓的“钙悖论”中的作用的最新文献更新，即骨骼中缺乏钙而在血管壁中储存钙。
