Institute of Forensic Genetics, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 2022 Mar;52(3):239-258. doi: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2091424.
Recent years have witnessed a growing in interest in psychoactive substances, particularly those available in e-commerce. These have led to an increase in the number of drug-related poisonings, deaths, and road accidents. Illegal drugs are available on an unprecedented scale and cause previously unknown adverse effects, which creates a challenge for analysts to find rapid methods for identifying these substances and taking appropriate action in the shortest possible time. New psychoactive substances (NPSs) can be lethal at very low concentrations, which give particularly serious cause for concern. These drugs are easily accessible and often regarded (or claimed) to be safe, which encourages many people, in particular young people, to try them. The widespread use of these substances is compounded by the awareness that they are difficult to detect with the existing rapid screening tests. Simple, fast, sensitive, and specific methods for determining the largest possible number of black-market psychoactive substances and their metabolites are therefore essential. Such methods will facilitate treatment and increase the effectiveness of measures aiming to reduce drug addiction. The objective of this review article was to critically compare the most commonly used analytical methods for determining NPS and their metabolites in biological material, with special emphasis on the sample preparation process, and to highlight the possibilities offered by the existing analytical methods.
近年来，人们对精神活性物质的兴趣日益浓厚，特别是在电子商务中可获得的物质。这导致了与药物相关的中毒、死亡和道路交通事故的数量增加。非法药物的供应规模前所未有，造成了以前未知的不良反应，这给分析人员带来了挑战，需要找到快速识别这些物质的方法，并在尽可能短的时间内采取适当的行动。新精神活性物质（NPS）在非常低的浓度下就可能致命，这尤其令人严重关切。这些药物很容易获得，而且通常被认为（或声称）是安全的，这鼓励了许多人，特别是年轻人，尝试使用这些药物。这些物质的广泛使用加剧了人们的认识，即现有的快速筛选测试很难检测到这些物质。因此，确定尽可能多的黑市精神活性物质及其代谢物的简单、快速、灵敏和特异的方法是必不可少的。这些方法将有助于治疗，并提高旨在减少吸毒成瘾的措施的有效性。本文的目的是批判性地比较生物材料中用于测定 NPS 及其代谢物的最常用分析方法，特别强调样品制备过程，并突出现有分析方法所提供的可能性。
