Hossini Hooshyar, Shafie Behnaz, Niri Amir Dehghan, Nazari Mahboubeh, Esfahlan Aylin Jahanban, Ahmadpour Mohammad, Nazmara Zohreh, Ahmadimanesh Mahnaz, Makhdoumi Pouran, Mirzaei Nezam, Hoseinzadeh Edris
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Food and Drug Administration, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Oct;29(47):70686-70705. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-22705-6. Epub 2022 Aug 30.
The growing use of heavy metals in most industrial activities has led to it being considered as the most important environmental pollutant that may cause harm and toxicity to animals and humans. Chromium has been found in the environment in different oxidation states such as Cr, Cr(III), and Cr(VI) and is released from a variety of anthropogenic and natural activities. At among, trivalent and hexavalent chromium are the most stable forms. Considerably, Cr(VI) is frequently more toxic than Cr(III) because of its particular solubility and high mobility. Chronic exposure and bioaccumulation of chromium, as a heavy metal, can cause toxicity and numerous pathophysiological defects, including allergic reactions, anemia, burns, and sores especially in the stomach and small intestine, damage to sperm along with the male reproductive system, and affect various biological systems. Chromium pollution can have severe consequences for water and the soil environment. This article reviews the toxicological effects of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) and their mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity.
在大多数工业活动中，重金属的使用日益增加，这使得它被视为最重要的环境污染物，可能对动物和人类造成危害和毒性。已在环境中发现不同氧化态的铬，如Cr、Cr(III)和Cr(VI)，它们从各种人为和自然活动中释放出来。其中，三价铬和六价铬是最稳定的形式。值得注意的是，由于其特殊的溶解性和高迁移率，Cr(VI)通常比Cr(III)毒性更大。作为一种重金属，铬的长期暴露和生物累积会导致毒性和许多病理生理缺陷，包括过敏反应、贫血、烧伤和溃疡，尤其是在胃和小肠，损害精子以及男性生殖系统，并影响各种生物系统。铬污染会对水和土壤环境造成严重后果。本文综述了Cr(VI)和Cr(III)的毒理学效应及其毒性和致癌机制。
