Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Curr Pediatr Rev. 2024;20(1):27-42. doi: 10.2174/1573396318666220827102018.
Sleep insufficiency and disturbances affect the physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being of children.
To perform a narrative review on common sleep problems and disorders encountered in primary care for children and adolescents.
A search of English literature in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases published from 1 January 2000 till 31 October 2021 was conducted with the keywords "sleep problem" or "sleep disorder" and "child" or "adolescent". Findings in the relevant articles and cross-references were compiled.
Sleep duration and habits of children vary widely across countries with different cultural backgrounds. There is robust evidence to support the promotion of positive bedtime routines and sleep hygiene as prevention and management of sleep problems. 15-70% of parents reported their children having sleep problems or disturbances. Common sleep complaints include difficulty in initiation or maintenance of sleep, abnormal behaviors or movements, snoring or abnormal breathing, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Comprehensive sleep history and a sleep diary are the first steps for evaluation. Home video and actigraphy may be used as preliminary tools to confirm the history. Referrals to a sleep specialist for polysomnography and other tests are needed, if suspecting specific sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy, needs timely intervention. Common sleep disorders in different age groups encountered in primary care are reviewed with clinical features, indications for evaluation, and treatment options summarized.
Screening for sleep problems shall be an integral part of each child's health care visit. It is important to evaluate the impact of common sleep problems and identify specific sleep disorders for early intervention to prevent long-term adverse outcomes.
睡眠不足和睡眠障碍会影响儿童的身心健康、认知和情绪。
对儿童和青少年初级保健中常见的睡眠问题和障碍进行叙述性综述。
在 Pubmed 和 Google Scholar 数据库中，以“睡眠问题”或“睡眠障碍”和“儿童”或“青少年”为关键词，对 2000 年 1 月 1 日至 2021 年 10 月 31 日期间发表的英文文献进行检索，并查阅相关文章和参考文献。
睡眠时间和睡眠习惯因文化背景不同的国家而有很大差异。有强有力的证据支持促进积极的睡前常规和睡眠卫生，以预防和管理睡眠问题。15%-70%的父母报告其子女存在睡眠问题或障碍。常见的睡眠问题包括入睡或维持睡眠困难、异常行为或运动、打鼾或呼吸异常、白天过度嗜睡。全面的睡眠史和睡眠日记是评估的第一步。家庭视频和活动记录仪可作为初步工具，以确认病史。如果怀疑有特定的睡眠障碍，如阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停和发作性睡病，则需要转介给睡眠专家进行多导睡眠图和其他检查，以便及时干预。本文综述了不同年龄段在初级保健中常见的睡眠障碍，总结了其临床特征、评估指征和治疗选择。
筛查睡眠问题应成为每个儿童保健就诊的一个组成部分。评估常见睡眠问题的影响并确定特定的睡眠障碍，以便早期干预，预防长期不良后果非常重要。
