Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom.
Curr Neuropharmacol. 2023;21(11):2217-2226. doi: 10.2174/1570159X20666220830110758.
Psychoactive substance use (including alcohol) can affect risk perception, leading to accidents and deaths. There is little detailed or up-to-date information on the role of drugs in drownings in the United Kingdom (UK). This Scottish case-study aimed to fill this knowledge gap.
Anonymised data for individual drug-poisoning-related drowning registered from 1996 to 2020 were provided by the National Records of Scotland. Statistical analyses were performed for socio-demographics, ICD coding, cause of death, and substances implicated.
It has been reported that death registrations increased from 7 in 2017 to over 20 during 2019-20. These deaths (n=160) accounted for <1% of all drug-related poisoning deaths; this proportion rose to record levels (c.1.5%) during 2019-20. Most deaths (69%) involved males. The mean age was 39.8 (range 16-81, SD 15.0) years. The main drug classes implicated were: opiates/opioids (41%), benzodiazepines (31%), stimulants (19%), and antidepressants (14%). Moreover, 57% of benzodiazepines were 'designer' drugs.
Scottish drownings associated with drug consumption are increasing rapidly. It has been observed that central nervous system depressant drugs (e.g., opioids, benzodiazepines, alcohol) are often involved in drowning. 'Designer' benzodiazepines are a principal factor in increasing Scottish drug-related poisoning deaths; they may be partially responsible for increasing numbers of related drownings. Evidence-based strategies to further reduce the number of preventable drownings should include reference to the dangers of drugs.
精神活性物质的使用（包括酒精）会影响风险感知，导致事故和死亡。英国（英国）很少有关于毒品在溺水事件中作用的详细或最新信息。这项苏格兰案例研究旨在填补这一知识空白。
苏格兰国家记录提供了 1996 年至 2020 年期间与药物中毒相关的溺水事件的匿名个人数据。对人口统计学、ICD 编码、死因和涉及的物质进行了统计分析。
据报道，死亡登记从 2017 年的 7 人增加到 2019-20 年的 20 多人。这些死亡（n=160）占所有药物相关中毒死亡人数的不到 1%；这一比例在 2019-20 年上升到创纪录水平（约 1.5%）。大多数死亡（69%）涉及男性。平均年龄为 39.8 岁（范围 16-81 岁，SD 15.0）。主要涉及的药物类别是：阿片类药物/类阿片药物（41%）、苯二氮䓬类（31%）、兴奋剂（19%）和抗抑郁药（14%）。此外，57%的苯二氮䓬类药物是“设计”药物。
与药物消费相关的苏格兰溺水事件正在迅速增加。观察到中枢神经系统抑制剂（如阿片类药物、苯二氮䓬类药物、酒精）通常与溺水有关。“设计”苯二氮䓬类药物是导致苏格兰药物相关中毒死亡人数增加的主要因素；它们可能部分导致相关溺水人数的增加。为了进一步减少可预防的溺水事件，应采取循证策略，包括提到药物的危害。
