From the Departments of Neurology (Rubin, Bhattacharya, Fuchs, Matthews, Abdellah) and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Rubin), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Epidemiology (Rubin), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology (Veenhuis), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry (Langenecker), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hektoen Institute of Medicine (Weber), Chicago, Illinois; Kinsey Institute (Nazarloo, Carter), Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Blood Systems Research Institute (Keating), San Francisco, California; and Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and OB/Gyn (Maki), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
Psychosom Med. 2022 Oct 1;84(8):874-884. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001124. Epub 2022 Aug 20.
Early life trauma (ELT) and HIV are associated with social processing deficits. In people with HIV (PWH), we examined whether facial emotion identification accuracy differs by ELT and whether neuroendocrine factors including cortisol, oxytocin (OT), and arginine vasopressin, and/or immune system measures play a role in the ELT-performance association.
We used secondary data from the placebo condition of a pharmacologic challenge study in PWH. Presence of ELT was measured with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (at least moderate experiences of sexual, physical, and/or emotional abuse). Social processing was measured with the Facial Emotion Perception Test (FEPT). Salivary immune system measures and cortisol were sampled across a 5-hour study session. Blood was collected at study session start (12 pm ) to measure OT and arginine vasopressin. We examined the association of ELT with FEPT and five biological moderators (from principal components analysis of 12 biomarkers) of ELT-FEPT associations.
Of 58 PWH (42 men; mean [standard deviation] age = 33.7 [8.9] years), 50% endorsed ELT. ELT-exposed PWH demonstrated lower identification accuracy across all emotional expressions (unstandardized β [ B ] = 0.13; standard error [SE] = 0.05; p = .021, d = 0.63) and had higher OT levels compared with ELT-unexposed PWH ( t(1,56) = 2.12, p = .039; d = 0.57). For total accuracy, an OT/C-reactive protein factor moderated the ELT-FEPT association ( B = 0.14; SE = 0.05; p = .014); accuracy was lower in ELT-exposed PWH versus ELT-unexposed PWH when the factor was low but not when high. Similar results were obtained for fearful, neutral, and happy faces ( p values < .05). Regardless of ELT, a myeloid migration (MCP-1/MMP-9) factor was associated with reduced accuracy ( p values < .05).
Our pilot findings suggest that ELT may alter social processing in PWH, and OT and C-reactive protein may be a target for improving social processing in ELT-exposed PWH, and myeloid migration markers may be a target in PWH more generally.
早期生活创伤（ELT）和 HIV 与社交处理缺陷有关。在 HIV 感染者（PWH）中，我们研究了面部情绪识别准确性是否因 ELT 而不同，以及皮质醇、催产素（OT）、精氨酸加压素和/或免疫系统测量等神经内分泌因素是否在 ELT-表现关联中发挥作用。
我们使用了 HIV 药物挑战研究安慰剂条件下的二次数据。使用童年创伤问卷（至少有性、身体和/或情感虐待的中度经历）来衡量 ELT 的存在。使用面部情绪感知测试（FEPT）来衡量社交处理能力。在 5 小时的研究期间采集唾液免疫系统测量和皮质醇样本。在研究开始时（下午 12 点）采集血液以测量 OT 和精氨酸加压素。我们研究了 ELT 与 FEPT 以及 ELT-FEPT 关联的五个生物调节剂（来自 12 种生物标志物的主成分分析）之间的关联。
在 58 名 PWH（42 名男性；平均[标准差]年龄=33.7[8.9]岁）中，有 50%的人报告有 ELT。与未暴露于 ELT 的 PWH 相比，暴露于 ELT 的 PWH 对所有情绪表达的识别准确性较低（未标准化β[B]=0.13；标准误差[SE]=0.05；p=0.021，d=0.63），OT 水平较高（t（1,56）=2.12，p=0.039；d=0.57）。对于总准确性，OT/C-反应蛋白因子调节了 ELT-FEPT 关联（B=0.14；SE=0.05；p=0.014）；当因子较低时，ELT 暴露的 PWH 比 ELT 未暴露的 PWH 准确性较低，但当因子较高时则不是。对于恐惧、中性和快乐面孔，也得到了类似的结果（p 值<.05）。无论是否存在 ELT，髓样迁移（MCP-1/MMP-9）因子与准确性降低相关（p 值<.05）。
我们的初步研究结果表明，ELT 可能会改变 PWH 的社交处理能力，OT 和 C-反应蛋白可能是改善 ELT 暴露的 PWH 社交处理能力的靶点，而髓样迁移标志物可能是一般 PWH 的靶点。
