Niestroj Sophie Charlotte, Steden Sarah, Boecker Maren, Brodkin Edward Stuart, Konrad Kerstin
Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Psychopathology. 2023;56(1-2):52-63. doi: 10.1159/000525950. Epub 2022 Aug 31.
This study introduces the first German Open Scale of Social Information Processing (GOSSIP) and evaluates its psychometric properties. Even though social information processing (SIP) and its important role in developmental psychopathology is a rising field of interest, model-based standardized assessment tools are still scarce.
GOSSIP was developed to assess SI processes in boys and girls aged eight to 21 years. First, 61 vignettes (combinations of pictures and short written descriptions of the situation depicted) were evaluated by an expert group and piloted with 48 healthy participants (aged 8-21). The best-rated vignettes were then implemented in a Web-based application. 191 participants completed GOSSIP. Of those, 76 answered additional questionnaires to assess their social skills and psychopathology. Internal consistencies for the emotional and cognitive GOSSIP scales were determined. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify subgroups of children and adolescents characterized by specific SIP profiles (i.e., patterns of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to the GOSSIP). Furthermore, the external validity of the participants' attribution tendencies in GOSSIP was evaluated in real life by smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA).
The internal consistencies for the emotional and cognitive scales (angry, ashamed, physical aggression, pro-social response, revenge, and outcome expectancy) were good to excellent. The scales of hostile interpretation, relation aggression, sadness, and exclusion showed borderline/acceptable internal consistency. Correlation analysis confirmed convergent validity with self-reported social skills and external validity with ratings of aggressive and pro-social behaviors. The LPA revealed three profiles as the best fit of the data. The first group is named "aggressors," the second "social-emotional group," and a third named "ashamed-internalizing group." However, no significant association was found between the attribution tendencies derived from GOSSIP and EMA data.
DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: GOSSIP is the first model-based German Web-based assessment for several SIP mechanisms that showed overall adequate psychometric properties. GOSSIP can be used to classify individuals into SIP profiles that differ in terms of their cognitive and emotional response tendencies and therefore could contribute to the development of targeted interventions. Integrating assessments of emotional responses into GOSSIP revealed an important role of "shame" in SIP and the development of psychopathology. Furthermore, the lack of external validity between GOSSIP and EMA calls into question how attribution tendencies are best assessed in future studies.
本研究介绍了首个德国社会信息处理开放量表（GOSSIP），并评估了其心理测量特性。尽管社会信息处理（SIP）及其在发展性精神病理学中的重要作用是一个日益受到关注的领域，但基于模型的标准化评估工具仍然稀缺。
GOSSIP旨在评估8至21岁男孩和女孩的社会信息处理过程。首先，一个专家小组对61个情景描述（图片与所描绘情景的简短文字描述的组合）进行了评估，并在48名健康参与者（年龄在8 - 21岁）中进行了预试验。然后，将评分最高的情景描述应用于一个基于网络的应用程序中。191名参与者完成了GOSSIP评估。其中，76人回答了额外的问卷，以评估他们的社交技能和精神病理学状况。确定了GOSSIP情感和认知量表的内部一致性。使用潜在剖面分析（LPA）来识别以特定社会信息处理剖面（即对GOSSIP的情感、认知和行为反应模式）为特征的儿童和青少年亚组。此外，通过基于智能手机的生态瞬时评估（EMA）在现实生活中评估了参与者在GOSSIP中的归因倾向的外部效度。
情感和认知量表（愤怒、羞愧、身体攻击、亲社会反应、报复和结果预期）的内部一致性良好到优秀。敌意解释、关系攻击、悲伤和排斥量表显示出临界/可接受的内部一致性。相关分析证实了与自我报告的社交技能的收敛效度以及与攻击和亲社会行为评分的外部效度。潜在剖面分析显示三种剖面最符合数据。第一组被命名为“攻击者”，第二组为“社会情感组”，第三组为“羞愧内化组”。然而，在GOSSIP得出的归因倾向与EMA数据之间未发现显著关联。
讨论/结论：GOSSIP是首个基于模型的德国网络评估工具，用于评估多种社会信息处理机制，其整体心理测量特性良好。GOSSIP可用于将个体分类为具有不同认知和情感反应倾向的社会信息处理剖面，因此有助于制定有针对性的干预措施。将情感反应评估纳入GOSSIP揭示了“羞愧”在社会信息处理和精神病理学发展中的重要作用。此外，GOSSIP与EMA之间缺乏外部效度，这使得未来研究中如何最好地评估归因倾向受到质疑。
