Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands; Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI), Uyole Centre, P.O. Box 6191, Mbeya, Tanzania.
Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Poult Sci. 2022 Oct;101(10):102062. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102062. Epub 2022 Jul 26.
The poultry industry in Tanzania has grown steadily over the past decade. We surveyed 121 chicken farming households along an intensification gradient from backyard to semi-intensive and intensive production systems based on rearing system and assumed purpose and poultry breed in the Iringa region. About 30% of households had more than one breed and/or rearing system combination. The subdivision of poultry systems was refined by adding the size of the flocks to highlight variation in scale of operations. On this basis we distinguished 3 main types: 1) subsistence small-scale free-range chicken production; 2) market-oriented small to medium scale semi-intensive and 3) small to medium-large scale intensive systems. 'Intensification' involves the transition from keeping indigenous chickens to improved dual-purpose and exotic breeds driven by greater productivity and potential for income generation. The more intensive the production system, the more the intensity and diversity of diseases identified by farmers as their main problem, which was partly attributed to the greater sensitivity of the improved breeds, poor veterinary measures, and the high chicken density facilitating disease spread. Based on the survey we constructed a problem tree to classify the underlying constraints and their interrelations, and to identify common root causes, based on which we propose practical solutions to improve chicken production. Development of medium-large scale systems is particularly constrained by a limited supply of 1-day-old chicks and theft. By contrast, intensification of small-scale systems is constrained by limited access to quality feed, vaccines and medicines, capital, and lack of a reliable market, partly due to the absence of farmer organization. These constraints can be addressed through formation of producer groups and promotion of outgrower and enterprise development models. Enterprise development appears to be the most promising business model for smallholder chicken farmers given that it allows farmers more freedom in decision-making and management while strengthening linkages with input suppliers and output markets to ensure a viable and profitable business.
坦桑尼亚的家禽养殖业在过去十年中稳步增长。我们沿着集约化梯度对伊林加地区的 121 户养鸡户进行了调查，这些农户的养殖系统从后院到半集约化和集约化生产系统各不相同，依据的是饲养系统和养殖目的以及家禽品种。大约 30%的农户拥有不止一种品种和/或养殖系统组合。通过增加禽群规模，对家禽系统进行了细分，以突出运营规模的变化。在此基础上，我们区分了 3 种主要类型：1）自给自足的小规模自由放养鸡生产；2）面向市场的中小规模半集约化生产和 3）中小规模到大规模的集约化系统。“集约化”涉及从饲养本地鸡到饲养改良的兼用型和外来品种的转变，这是由更高的生产力和潜在的增收驱动的。生产系统越集约化，农民认为是主要问题的疾病的种类和强度就越多样化，这部分归因于改良品种的敏感性更高、兽医措施不佳以及高密度的鸡群更容易传播疾病。基于调查，我们构建了一个问题树，以分类潜在的限制因素及其相互关系，并确定常见的根本原因，在此基础上，我们提出了改善家禽生产的实用解决方案。中等规模以上系统的发展受到 1 日龄雏鸡供应和盗窃的限制。相比之下，小规模系统的集约化受到高质量饲料、疫苗和药品、资本以及缺乏可靠市场的限制，部分原因是农民组织的缺失。这些限制可以通过形成生产者群体和推广代养和企业发展模式来解决。企业发展模式似乎是小型家禽养殖户最有前途的商业模式，因为它允许农民在决策和管理方面拥有更多的自由，同时加强与投入供应商和产出市场的联系，以确保企业可行和盈利。
