A GIS and remote sensing approach for measuring summer-winter variation of land use and land cover indices and surface temperature in Dhaka district, Bangladesh.

Rapid urbanization has induced land use and land cover change (LULC) that increases land surface temperature (LST). Analyzing seasonal variations of LULC and LST is a precondition for mitigating heat island effects and promoting a sustainable living environment. The objective of this study is to explore the association between the seasonal LST dynamics and LULC indices for the Dhaka district of Bangladesh. The LULC indices are comprised of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBAI), and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI). The results show that the LULC effect on LST in Dhaka is significant, with an increase in summer season LST from 34.58 °C to 37.66 °C and in winter season LST from 24.710C to 26.24 °C. Predictably, the highest and lowest LST values were observed in the built-up and vegetation-covered areas, respectively. Secondly, the correlation values indicate a significant inverse correlation (R > 0.50) between NDVI and LST, as well as MNDWI and LST. On the contrary, positive correlations were observed between NDBI and LST, and between NDBAI and LST for both the summer and winter seasons. Finally, subsequent vegetation decline (-69.34%) and increasing built-up area (+11.30%) between 2000 and 2020 in Dhaka district were found to be the most significant factors for the increasing trend and spatial heterogeneity of LST in Dhaka. The methodological approach of this study offers a low-cost efficient technique for monitoring LST hotspots, which can guide land use planners and urban managers for spatial intervention to ensure a livable environment.