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揭开癌症生物学中CXCR4难题的神秘面纱:超越表面信号传导范式。

Demystifying the CXCR4 conundrum in cancer biology: Beyond the surface signaling paradigm.

作者信息

Nengroo Mushtaq Ahmad, Khan Muqtada Ali, Verma Ayushi, Datta Dipak

机构信息

Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India.

Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.

出版信息

Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2022 Sep;1877(5):188790. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188790. Epub 2022 Sep 2.

Abstract

The oncogenic chemokine duo CXCR4-CXCL12/SDF-1 (C-X-C Receptor 4-C-X-C Ligand 12/ Stromal-derived factor 1) has been the topic of intense scientific disquisitions since Muller et al., in her ground-breaking research, described this axis as a critical determinant of organ-specific metastasis in breast cancer. Elevated CXCR4 levels correlate with distant metastases, poor prognosis, and unfavourable outcomes in most solid tumors. Therapeutic impediment of the axis in clinics with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved inhibitors like AMD3100 or Plerixafor yield dubious results, contrary to pre-clinical developments. Clinical trials entailing inhibition of CXCR7 (C-X-C Receptor 7), another convicted chemokine receptor that exhibits affinity for CXCL12, reveal outcomes analogous to that of CXCR4-CXCL12 axis blockade. Of note, the cellular CXCR4 knockout phenotype varies largely from that of inhibitor treatments. These shaky findings pique great curiosity to delve further into the realm of this infamous chemokine receptor to provide a probable explanation. A multitude of recent reports suggests the presence of an increased intracellular CXCR4 pool in various cancers, both cytoplasmic and nuclear. This intracellular CXCR4 protein reserve seems active as it correlates with vital tumor attributes, viz. prognosis, aggressiveness, metastasis, and disease-free survival. Diminishing this entire intracellular CXCR4 load apart from the surface signals looks encouraging from a therapeutic point of view. Transcending beyond the classically accepted concept of ligand-mediated surface signaling, this review sheds new light on plausible associations of intracellularly compartmentalised CXCR4 with various aspects of tumorigenesis. Besides, this review also puts forward a comprehensive account of CXCR4 regulation in different cancers.

摘要

致癌趋化因子对CXCR4-CXCL12/SDF-1(C-X-C趋化因子受体4-C-X-C趋化因子配体12/基质细胞衍生因子1)自穆勒等人在其开创性研究中将该轴描述为乳腺癌器官特异性转移的关键决定因素以来,一直是激烈科学探讨的主题。在大多数实体瘤中,CXCR4水平升高与远处转移、预后不良和不良结局相关。在临床上,使用美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准的抑制剂(如AMD3100或普乐沙福)对该轴进行治疗性阻断产生的结果令人怀疑,这与临床前研究结果相反。涉及抑制CXCR7(C-X-C趋化因子受体7)的临床试验显示,其结果与CXCR4-CXCL12轴阻断的结果相似,CXCR7是另一种已被证实的对CXCL12具有亲和力的趋化因子受体。值得注意的是,细胞CXCR4基因敲除表型与抑制剂治疗的表型有很大差异。这些不稳定的发现引发了人们极大的好奇心,促使人们进一步深入研究这个声名狼藉的趋化因子受体领域,以提供一个可能的解释。最近的大量报告表明,在各种癌症中,细胞内CXCR4库增加,包括细胞质和细胞核中的。这种细胞内CXCR4蛋白储备似乎是活跃的,因为它与重要的肿瘤特征相关,即预后、侵袭性、转移和无病生存期。从治疗角度来看,除了表面信号外,减少整个细胞内CXCR4负荷似乎很有前景。超越了经典的配体介导的表面信号传导概念,本综述揭示了细胞内分隔的CXCR4与肿瘤发生的各个方面之间可能的关联。此外,本综述还全面阐述了不同癌症中CXCR4的调节。

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