Induction of the activating transcription factor-4 in the intratumoral CD8+ T cells sustains their viability and anti-tumor activities.

Immune suppressive factors of the tumor microenvironment (TME) undermine viability and exhaust the activities of the intratumoral cytotoxic CD8 + T lymphocytes (CTL) thereby evading anti-tumor immunity and decreasing the benefits of immune therapies. To counteract this suppression and improve the efficacy of therapeutic regimens, it is important to identify and understand the critical regulators within CD8 + T cells that respond to TME stress and tumor-derived factors. Here we investigated the regulation and importance of activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4) in CTL using a novel Atf4 mouse model lacking ATF4 specifically in CD8 + cells. Induction of ATF4 in CD8 + T cells occurred in response to antigenic stimulation and was further increased by exposure to tumor-derived factors and TME conditions. Under these conditions, ATF4 played a critical role in the maintenance of survival and activities of CD8 + T cells. Conversely, selective ablation of ATF4 in CD8 + T cells in mice rendered these Atf4 hosts prone to accelerated growth of implanted tumors. Intratumoral ATF4-deficient CD8 + T cells were under-represented compared to wild-type counterparts and exhibited impaired activation and increased apoptosis. These findings identify ATF4 as an important regulator of viability and activity of CD8 + T cells in the TME and argue for caution in using agents that could undermine these functions of ATF4 for anti-cancer therapies.