Phosphorylation of BRCA1 by ATM upon double-strand breaks impacts ATM function in end-resection: A potential feedback loop.

BRCA1 maintains genome stability by promoting homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Mutation of mouse BRCA1-S1152, corresponding to an ATM phosphorylation site in its human counterpart, resulted in increased genomic instability and tumor incidence. In this study, we report that BRCA1-S1152 is part of a feedback loop that sustains ATM activity. BRCA1-S1152A mutation impairs recruitment of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SKP2. This in turn attenuates NBS1-K63 ubiquitination by SKP2 at DSB, impairs sustained ATM activation, and ultimately leads to deficient end resection, the commitment step in the HR repair pathway. Auto-phosphorylation of human ATM at S1981 is known to be important for its kinase activation; we mutated the corresponding amino acid residue in mouse ATM (S1987A) to characterize potential roles of mouse ATM-S1987 in the BRCA1-SKP2-NBS1-ATM feedback loop. Unexpectedly, MEFs carrying the ATM-S1987A knockin mutation maintain damage-induced ATM kinase activation, suggesting a species-specific function of human ATM auto-phosphorylation.