Linawati Yunita, Kristin Erna, Prabandari Yayi Suryo, Kristina Susi Ari
Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
JMIR Res Protoc. 2022 Sep 6;11(9):e37528. doi: 10.2196/37528.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease that can cause adverse effects if not managed effectively. The prevalence of T2DM will continue to rise every year, and data from the International Diabetes Federation show that the number of patients diagnosed with T2DM in Indonesia is predicted to increase from 10.3 million in 2017 to 16.7 million in 2045. Managing T2DM properly is a challenge for the patients because they need to implement lifestyle changes that involve the self-monitoring of blood glucose, consuming prescribed medication properly, maintaining a healthy diet, getting sufficient physical training, keeping a healthy sleeping pattern, managing stress properly, and consulting medical professionals regularly. The worldwide intervention for T2DM focuses on self-management education. The varied results in studies about interventions show that no particular intervention method can be regarded as the most effective. In Indonesia, there are limited studies on educational interventions to improve the quality of life and health of patients with T2DM.
This study aims to explore the experiences and needs of patients with T2DM in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, to develop effective self-management education.
The study will use the phenomenology method with purposive sampling to collect data. The inclusion criteria are patients in the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program at the Sleman Regency Public Health Center who are aged ≥18 years, diagnosed with T2DM for more than a year, with hemoglobin A1c levels ≤7.5% and >7.5%, capable of communicating verbally and literate in the Indonesian language, not deaf, and willing to participate. The data collection is based on the Social Cognitive Theory, which involves selecting assessment targets and analyzing personal factors, environment, and behavior that determine the knowledge, attitude, and adherence of persons with T2DM. Researchers will collect the data through in-depth, face-to-face interviews to learn about knowledge, self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, outcome experience, worry, illness belief, treatment belief, diet, physical activity, medicine intake, treatment pattern, support system, as well as ethnic and cultural influences. The results will be taken from unstructured and open-ended questions written in Indonesian according to the interview guidelines. The data analysis process will go through several stages: reading the data thoroughly; coding; sorting the categories; creating the themes; making general descriptions; and presenting the data in charts, narratives, and recorded quotations from the interviews.
This study received a grant in May 2021 and gained permission from the Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia, on July 1, 2021. Data collection started on August 12, 2021, and the results are expected to be published in 2022.
The results of this study will be used to design an educational intervention model to improve the knowledge, attitude, and adherence of patients with T2DM.
INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/37528.
2型糖尿病（T2DM）是一种慢性疾病，如果管理不善会产生不良影响。T2DM的患病率每年都在持续上升，国际糖尿病联合会的数据显示，预计印度尼西亚被诊断为T2DM的患者数量将从2017年的1030万增加到2045年的1670万。妥善管理T2DM对患者来说是一项挑战，因为他们需要改变生活方式，包括自我监测血糖、正确服用处方药、保持健康饮食、进行足够的体育锻炼、保持健康的睡眠模式、妥善管理压力以及定期咨询医疗专业人员。全球对T2DM的干预主要集中在自我管理教育上。关于干预措施的研究结果各不相同，表明没有一种特定的干预方法可以被视为最有效的方法。在印度尼西亚，关于改善T2DM患者生活质量和健康的教育干预研究有限。
本研究旨在探索印度尼西亚日惹市斯勒曼县T2DM患者的经历和需求，以开展有效的自我管理教育。
本研究将采用现象学方法，通过目的抽样收集数据。纳入标准为年龄≥18岁、在斯勒曼县公共卫生中心慢性病自我管理项目中被诊断为T2DM超过一年、糖化血红蛋白水平≤7.5%和>7.5%、能够用印尼语进行口头交流且识字、不聋且愿意参与的患者。数据收集基于社会认知理论，该理论涉及选择评估目标并分析决定T2DM患者的知识、态度和依从性的个人因素、环境和行为。研究人员将通过深入的面对面访谈收集数据，以了解知识、自我效能感、结果预期、结果体验、担忧、疾病信念、治疗信念、饮食、体育活动、药物摄入、治疗模式、支持系统以及种族和文化影响。结果将来自根据访谈指南用印尼语编写的非结构化和开放式问题。数据分析过程将经历几个阶段：彻底阅读数据；编码；分类排序；创建主题；进行总体描述；并以图表、叙述和访谈记录的引述形式呈现数据。
本研究于2021年5月获得资助，并于2021年7月1日获得印度尼西亚加查马达大学医学与健康研究伦理委员会的批准。数据收集于2021年8月12日开始，预计结果将于2022年发表。
本研究结果将用于设计一种教育干预模型，以提高T2DM患者的知识、态度和依从性。
国际注册报告识别码（IRRID）：DERR1-10.2196/37528。
