A RORγt cell instructs gut microbiota-specific T cell differentiation.

The mutualistic relationship of gut-resident microbiota and the host immune system promotes homeostasis that ensures maintenance of the microbial community and of a largely non-aggressive immune cell compartment. The consequences of disturbing this balance include proximal inflammatory conditions, such as Crohn's disease, and systemic illnesses. This equilibrium is achieved in part through the induction of both effector and suppressor arms of the adaptive immune system. Helicobacter species induce T regulatory (T) and T follicular helper (T) cells under homeostatic conditions, but induce inflammatory T helper 17 (T17) cells when induced T (iT) cells are compromised. How Helicobacter and other gut bacteria direct T cells to adopt distinct functions remains poorly understood. Here we investigated the cells and molecular components required for iT cell differentiation. We found that antigen presentation by cells expressing RORγt, rather than by classical dendritic cells, was required and sufficient for induction of T cells. These RORγt cells-probably type 3 innate lymphoid cells and/or Janus cells-require the antigen-presentation machinery, the chemokine receptor CCR7 and the TGFβ activator α integrin. In the absence of any of these factors, there was expansion of pathogenic T17 cells instead of iT cells, induced by CCR7-independent antigen-presenting cells. Thus, intestinal commensal microbes and their products target multiple antigen-presenting cells with pre-determined features suited to directing appropriate T cell differentiation programmes, rather than a common antigen-presenting cell that they endow with appropriate functions.