Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu 210014, China.
School of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan 650224, China.
Food Res Int. 2022 Oct;160:111708. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111708. Epub 2022 Jul 20.
Fungal chemicals are vital in processes recognizing damage- and microbe-associated molecules (DAMPs/MAMPs) that trigger defense responses in fungi. Pleurotus ostreatus is a widely cultivated edible fungus that is prone to attack from fungivorous insects and mites. Yet P. ostreatus has evolved an elegant defense system against fungivore attacks. In this study, we investigated how the oyster mushroom responds to the fungivory and mechanical wounding by conducting transcriptome, proteome, and secondary metabolic analyses. The profiling analysis revealed a total of 11,495 transcripts and 866 proteins, 4416 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and 62 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in response to the mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae feeding and mechanical wounding. In comparing the responses induced by mechanical wounding, some genes, proteins, and metabolites were uniquely induced or repressed by the mite. At the transcript level, nine pathways were activated by the mite feeding, including those of "MAPK signaling pathway-yeast", "Phenylalanine metabolism", and "Biotin metabolism", among others, while both enrichment of "Ribosome", "Ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes", and "Regulation of Mitophagy in Yeast" demonstrated the common effects upon fungal secretory protein synthesis and processing induced by fungivory and mechanical wounding. Fungivory also stimulated the synthesis of C-aryl compounds and sesquiterpenes (especially1-octen-3-ol and α-/β-bisabolene), and these compounds repellent to T. putrescentiae. Both jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonic acid methyl ester (MeJA) were specifically regulated by mite feeding and mechanical wounding. The terpene synthase gene transcription was significantly increased induced by the exogenous addition of MeJA, resulting in defensive sesquiterpene production against the mite. These findings are the first to demonstrate that the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/MAPK signaling pathway, JA regulation, specific gene expression, and protein synthesis, and anti-mite substance metabolism are all involved in coordinated inducible chemical-based defense responses in P. ostreatus, which could be especially effective the mite T. putrescentiae.
真菌化学物质在识别损伤和微生物相关分子（DAMPs/MAMPs）的过程中至关重要，这些分子会触发真菌的防御反应。糙皮侧耳是一种广泛种植的可食用真菌，容易受到食真菌昆虫和螨虫的攻击。然而，糙皮侧耳已经进化出了一种针对食真菌攻击的优雅防御系统。在这项研究中，我们通过转录组、蛋白质组和次生代谢分析研究了牡蛎菇如何对食真菌和机械损伤做出反应。分析结果显示，在应对螨虫 Tyrophagus putrescentiae 取食和机械损伤时，共鉴定到 11495 个转录本和 866 个蛋白质、4416 个差异表达基因（DEGs）和 62 个差异表达蛋白（DEPs）。通过比较机械损伤引起的反应，一些基因、蛋白质和代谢物被螨虫特异性诱导或抑制。在转录水平上，螨虫取食激活了 9 条途径，包括“MAPK 信号通路-酵母”、“苯丙氨酸代谢”和“生物素代谢”等途径，而“核糖体”、“真核生物核糖体生物发生”和“酵母自噬调节”的富集则表明，食真菌和机械损伤对真菌分泌蛋白合成和加工的共同影响。食真菌还刺激了 C-芳基化合物和倍半萜（特别是 1-辛烯-3-醇和α-/β-毕澄茄烯）的合成，这些化合物对 T. putrescentiae 具有驱避作用。茉莉酸（JA）和茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）都被螨虫取食和机械损伤特异性调节。MeJA 的外源添加显著增加了萜烯合酶基因的转录，导致对螨虫产生防御性倍半萜。这些发现首次表明，活性氧（ROS）/MAPK 信号通路、JA 调节、特定基因表达和蛋白质合成以及抗螨虫物质代谢都参与了糙皮侧耳的协调诱导化学防御反应，这对食真菌的螨虫 T. putrescentiae 可能特别有效。
