Department of Health Behavior, Environment, and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman 55281, Indonesia.
Department of Environmental Science, The Graduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman 55281, Indonesia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 26;19(17):10630. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191710630.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused lifestyle changes for everyone and led to the practice of regulated health protocols for preventing the spreading or severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the differences in health protocols and health practices among university students. The designed online survey was conducted among 292 university students in three cities in Indonesia, i.e., Yogyakarta, Semarang, and Surakarta. A forced-entry multivariate regression was conducted using all RANAS (risk, attitude, norms, ability-self-regulation) sub-factors as independent variables and health protocol obtained from PCA as the dependent variable. The results showed that the students' health protocol and health practices were practiced with varying frequency. A face mask covering the chin and nose was the most practiced health protocol, while reducing mobilization by maintaining distance was the most violated health protocol among students. We also found that four health protocol practices are highly correlated, i.e., handwashing in public spaces, physical distancing, frequency of using the mask, and avoiding crowded places. In addition, three significant psychological factors were identified, which were positively associated with the student's health protocol practice, i.e., belief about time (attitude) (OR: 0.119; CI: -0.054-0.136; ≤ 0.05), personal norm (norm) (OR: 0.232; CI: 0.149-0.539; ≤ 0.01), and action control (self-regulation) (OR: 0.173; CI: 0.046-0.427; ≤ 0.05), where the personal norm is the most significant one. Finally, to minimize the COVID-19 transmission among students, especially when they back to onsite learning, it was important to create students' sense of ethical self-obligation to follow and practice standard health hygiene correctly and regularly.
COVID-19 大流行导致每个人的生活方式都发生了变化，并导致实施了规范的卫生协议，以防止 COVID-19 大流行的传播或严重程度。本研究考察了大学生之间卫生协议和卫生实践的差异。这项在线调查是在印度尼西亚三个城市的 292 名大学生中进行的，即日惹、三宝垄和梭罗。使用所有 RANAS（风险、态度、规范、能力-自我调节）子因素作为自变量，并使用 PCA 获得的卫生协议作为因变量，进行了强制进入多元回归。结果表明，学生的卫生协议和卫生实践的实施频率有所不同。覆盖口鼻的口罩是实施最频繁的卫生协议，而学生中违反最多的卫生协议是减少通过保持距离来调动。我们还发现，四项卫生协议的实施高度相关，即公共空间洗手、身体距离、口罩使用频率和避免拥挤场所。此外，还确定了三个重要的心理因素，这些因素与学生的卫生协议实践呈正相关，即对时间的信念（态度）（OR：0.119；CI：-0.054-0.136；≤0.05）、个人规范（规范）（OR：0.232；CI：0.149-0.539；≤0.01）和行动控制（自我调节）（OR：0.173；CI：0.046-0.427；≤0.05），其中个人规范是最重要的。最后，为了最大限度地减少学生之间的 COVID-19 传播，特别是当他们回到现场学习时，重要的是要让学生有道德上的自我义务感，正确和定期地遵循和实践标准的卫生习惯。
